Origen of Alexandria, Against Celsus

Let it be granted, however, that there are other prophylactics against poisons known to animals: what does that avail to prove that it is not nature, but reason, which leads to the discovery of such things among them? For if reason were the discoverer, this one thing (or, if you will, one or two more things) would not be (exclusive960 αποτεταγμένως. of all others) the sole discovery made by serpents, and some other thing the sole discovery of the eagle, and so on with the rest of the animals; but as many discoveries would have been made amongst them as among men. But now it is manifest from the determinate inclination of the nature of each animal towards certain kinds of help, that they possess neither wisdom nor reason, but a natural constitutional tendency implanted by the Logos40304030 ὑπὸ τοῦ Λόγου γεγενημένη. towards such things in order to ensure the preservation of the animal. And, indeed, if I wished to join issue with Celsus in these matters, I might quote the words of Solomon from the book of Proverbs, which run thus: “There be four things which are little upon the earth, but these are wiser than the wise: The ants are a people not strong, yet they prepare their meat in the summer; the conies961 χοιρογρύλλιοι. Heb. סינִּפַשְׁ. are but a feeble folk, yet make they their houses in the rocks; the locusts have no king, yet go they forth in order at one command; and the spotted lizard,962 ἀσκαλαβώτης. though leaning upon its hands, and being easily captured, dwelleth in kings’ fortresses.”963 Cf. Prov. xxx. 24–28. I do not quote these words, however, as taking them in their literal signification, but, agreeably to the title of the book (for it is inscribed “Proverbs”), I investigate them as containing a secret meaning. For it is the custom of these writers (of Scripture) to distribute into many classes those writings which express one sense when taken literally,964 αὐτόθεν. but which convey a different signification as their hidden meaning; and one of these kinds of writing is “Proverbs.” And for this reason, in our Gospels too, is our Saviour described as saying: “These things have I spoken to you in proverbs, but the time cometh when I shall no more speak unto you in proverbs.”965 John xvi. 25. It is not, then, the visible ants which are “wiser even than the wise,” but they who are indicated as such under the “proverbial” style of expression. And such must be our conclusion regarding the rest of the animal creation, although Celsus regards the books of the Jews and Christians as exceedingly simple and commonplace,966 ιδιωτικά. and imagines that those who give them an allegorical interpretation do violence to the meaning of the writers. By what we have said, then, let it appear that Celsus calumniates us in vain, and let his assertions that serpents and eagles are wiser than men also receive their refutation.

Ἔστω δὲ καὶ ἄλλα ὑπὸ τῶν ζῴων γινώσκεσθαι ἀλεξι φάρμακα, τί οὖν τοῦτο πρὸς τὸ μὴ φύσιν ἀλλὰ λόγον εἶναι τὸν εὑρίσκοντα ταῦτα ἐν τοῖς ζῴοις; Εἰ μὲν γὰρ λόγος ἦν ὁ εὑρίσκων, οὐκ ἂν ἀποτεταγμένως τόδε τι μόνον εὑρίσκετο ἐν ὄφεσιν, ἔστω καὶ δεύτερον καὶ τρίτον, καὶ ἄλλο τι ἐν ἀετῷ καὶ οὕτως ἐν τοῖς λοιποῖς ζῴοις, ἀλλὰ τοσαῦτα ἄν, ὅσα καὶ ἐν ἀνθρώποις· νυνὶ δὲ φανερὸν ἐκ τοῦ ἀποτεταγ μένως πρός τινα ἑκάστου φύσιν ζῴου νενευκέναι βοηθήματα ὅτι οὐ σοφία οὐδὲ λόγος ἐστὶν ἐν αὐτοῖς ἀλλά τις φυσικὴ πρὸς τὰ τοιάδε σωτηρίας ἕνεκεν τῶν ζῴων κατασκευή, ὑπὸ τοῦ λόγου γεγενημένη. Καίτοι γε εἰ ἐβουλόμην ὁμόσε χωρεῖν τῷ Κέλσῳ κατὰ ταῦτα, ἐχρησάμην ἂν Σολομῶντος λέξει ἀπὸ τῶν Παροιμιῶν οὕτως ἐχούσῃ· "Τέσσαρα δ' ἐστὶν ἐλάχιστα ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, ταῦτα δέ ἐστι σοφώτερα τῶν σοφῶν· οἱ μύρμηκες, οἷς μὴ ἔστιν ἰσχύς, οἳ ἑτοιμάζονται ἐν θέρει τὴν τροφήν· καὶ οἱ χοιρογρύλλιοι, ἔθνος οὐκ ἰσχυρόν, οἳ ἐποιήσαντο ἐν πέτραις τοὺς ἑαυτῶν οἴκους· ἀβασίλευτός ἐστιν ἡ ἀκρίς, καὶ στρατεύει ἀπὸ ἑνὸς κελεύσματος εὐτάκτως· καὶ ἀσκα λαβώτης χερσὶν ἐρειδόμενος καὶ εὐάλωτος ὢν οἰκεῖ ἐν ὀχυρώμασι βασιλέως." Ἀλλ' οὐ συγχρῶμαι ὡς σαφέσι τοῖς ῥητοῖς, ἀκολούθως δὲ τῇ ἐπιγραφῇ–ἐπιγέγραπται γὰρ τὸ βιβλίον Παροιμίαι–ζητῶ ταῦτα ὡς αἰνίγματα. Ἔθος γὰρ τοῖς ἀνδράσι τούτοις τὰ ἕτερον μέν τι αὐτόθεν δηλοῦντα ἕτερον δὲ ἐν ὑπονοίᾳ ἀπαγγέλλοντα διαιρεῖν εἰς εἴδη πολλά, ὧν ἓν εἶναι τὰς παροιμίας. ∆ιὸ καὶ ἐν τοῖς εὐαγγελίοις ἡμῶν γέγραπται ὁ σωτὴρ ἡμῶν εἰρηκέναι· "Ταῦτ' ἐν παροιμίαις λελάληκα ὑμῖν· ἔρχεται ὥρα ὅτε οὐκέτι ἐν παροιμίαις λαλήσω ὑμῖν." Οὐχ οἱ αἰσθητοὶ τοίνυν μύρμηκες σοφώτεροι καὶ "τῶν σοφῶν" εἰσιν ἀλλ' οἱ δηλούμενοι ὡς ἐν εἴδει παροιμιῶν. Οὕτω δὲ λεκτέον καὶ περὶ τῶν λοιπῶν ζῴων· ἀλλὰ πάνυ ἁπλούστατα νομίζει εἶναι καὶ ἰδιωτικὰ ὁ Κέλσος τὰ Ἰουδαίων καὶ Χριστιανῶν βιβλία καὶ οἴεται τοὺς ἀλληγοροῦντας αὐτὰ βιαζομένους τὸ βούλημα τῶν γραψάντων τοῦτο ποιεῖν. Ἐληλέγχθω οὖν καὶ διὰ τούτων ὁ Κέλσος μάτην ἡμᾶς διαβάλλων· ἐληλέγχθω δὲ αὐτοῦ καὶ ὁ περὶ ὄφεων καὶ ἀετῶν λόγος, ἀποφηνάμενος εἶναι τούτους ἀνθρώπων σοφωτέρους.