Origen of Alexandria, Against Celsus

Moreover, if the law of Moses had contained nothing which was to be understood as having a secret meaning, the prophet would not have said in his prayer to God, “Open Thou mine eyes, and I will behold wondrous things out of Thy law;”848 Cf. Ps. cxix. 18. whereas he knew that there was a veil of ignorance lying upon the heart of those who read but do not understand the figurative meaning, which veil is taken away by the gift of God, when He hears him who has done all that he can,849 ἐπὰν ἐπακούσῃ τοῦ παρ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ πάντα ποιήσαντος. and who by reason of habit has his senses exercised to distinguish between good and evil, and who continually utters the prayer, “Open Thou mine eyes, and I will behold wondrous things out of Thy law.” And who is there that, on reading of the dragon that lives in the Egyptian river,850 Cf. Ezek. xxix. 3. and of the fishes which lurk in his scales, or of the excrement of Pharaoh which fills the mountains of Egypt,851 Cf. Ezek. xxxii. 5, 6. is not led at once to inquire who he is that fills the Egyptian mountains with his stinking excrement, and what the Egyptian mountains are; and what the rivers in Egypt are, of which the aforesaid Pharaoh boastfully says, “The rivers are mine, and I have made them;”852 Cf. Ezek. xxix. 3. and who the dragon is, and the fishes in its scales,—and this so as to harmonize with the interpretation to be given of the rivers? But why establish at greater length what needs no demonstration? For to these things applies the saying: “Who is wise, and he shall understand these things? or who is prudent, and he shall know them?”853 Cf. Hos. xiv. 9. Now I have gone at some length into the subject, because I wished to show the unsoundness of the assertion of Celsus, that “the more modest among the Jews and Christians endeavour somehow to give these stories an allegorical signification, although some of them do not admit of this, but on the contrary are exceedingly silly inventions.” Much rather are the stories of the Greeks not only very silly, but very impious inventions. For our narratives keep expressly in view the multitude of simpler believers, which was not done by those who invented the Grecian fables. And therefore not without propriety does Plato expel from his state all fables and poems of such a nature as those of which we have been speaking.

Ἀλλὰ καὶ εἴπερ ὁ Μωϋσέως νόμος μηδὲν εἶχεν ἐγγεγραμμένον δι' ὑπονοιῶν δηλούμενον, οὐκ ἂν ὁ προφήτης εὐχόμενος ἔλεγε τῷ θεῷ· "Ἀποκάλυψον τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς μου, καὶ κατανοήσω τὰ θαυμάσιά σου ἐκ τοῦ νόμου σου." Νυνὶ δὲ ᾔδει ὅτι ἐστί τι "κάλυμμα" ἀγνοίας ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ τῶν ἀναγινωσκόντων καὶ μὴ συνιέντων τὰ τροπολογούμενα ἐπικείμενον· ὅπερ "κάλυμμα περιαιρεῖται" τοῦ θεοῦ δωρουμένου, ἐπὰν ἐπακούσῃ τῷ παρ' ἑαυτὸν πάντα ποιήσαντι καὶ διὰ τὴν ἕξιν τὰ αἰσθητήρια γυμνάσαντι πρὸς διάκρισιν καλοῦ καὶ κακοῦ καὶ ἐν τῇ εὐχῇ συνεχέστατα φήσαντι· "Ἀποκάλυψον τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς μου, καὶ κατανοήσω τὰ θαυμάσιά σου ἐκ τοῦ νόμου σου." Τίς δ' ἀναγινώσκων δράκοντα ἐν τῷ αἰγυπτίῳ ποταμῷ ζῶντα καὶ τοὺς ἰχθύας ἐμφωλεύοντας αὐτοῦ ταῖς φολίσιν ἢ "ἀπὸ τῶν προχωρη μάτων" τοῦ Φαραὼ πληρούμενα τὰ Αἰγύπτου ὄρη, οὐ προάγεται αὐτόθεν πρὸς τὸ ζητῆσαι, τίς ὁ τοσούτων δυσωδῶν "προχωρημάτων" αὐτοῦ πληρῶν τὰ Αἰγυπτίων ὄρη καὶ τίνα τὰ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων ὄρη καὶ τίνες οἱ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ ποταμοί, περὶ ὧν αὐχῶν λέγει ὁ προειρημένος Φαραώ· "Ἐμοί εἰσιν οἱ ποταμοί, καὶ ἐγὼ ἐποίησα αὐτούς", καὶ τίς ὁ ἀνάλογον τοῖς ἀποδειχθησομένοις ἀπὸ τῆς ἑρμηνείας ποταμοῖς δράκων καὶ τίνες οἱ ἐν ταῖς φολίσιν αὐτοῦ ἰχθύες; Καὶ τί με δεῖ ἐπὶ πλέον κατασκευάζειν τὰ μὴ δεόμενα κατασκευῆς, ἐφ' οἷς λέγεται τὸ "Τίς σοφὸς καὶ συνήσει ταῦτα; Ἢ συνετὸς καὶ ἐπιγνώσεται αὐτά;" Ἐπὶ πλεῖον δ' ἐξέτεινα τὸν λόγον βουλόμενος παραστῆσαι μὴ ὑγιῶς εἰρῆσθαι τῷ Κέλσῳ ὅτι οἱ ἐπιεικέστεροι Ἰουδαίων καὶ Χριστιανῶν πειρῶνταί πως ἀλληγορεῖν αὐτά, ἔστι δ' οὐχ οἷα ἀλληγορίαν ἐπιδέχεσθαί τινα ἀλλ' ἄντικρυς εὐηθέστατα μεμυθολόγηται. Πολλῷ γὰρ μᾶλλον τὰ Ἑλλήνων οὐ μόνον εὐηθέστατα ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀσεβέστατα μεμυθολόγηται. Τὰ γὰρ ἡμέτερα ἐστόχασται καὶ τοῦ πλήθους τῶν ἁπλουστέρων, ὅπερ οἱ τὰ ἑλληνικὰ πλάσματα ποιήσαντες οὐκ ἐφυλάξαντο. ∆ιόπερ οὐκ ἀχαρίστως ὁ Πλάτων ἐκβάλλει τῆς ἑαυτοῦ πολιτείας τοὺς τοιουσδὶ μύθους καὶ τὰ τοιαδὶ ποιήματα.