Chapter XXXVII.

I think, then, that it has been pretty well established not only that our Saviour was to be born of a virgin, but also that there were prophets among the Jews who uttered not merely general predictions about the future,—as, e.g., regarding Christ and the kingdoms of the world, and the events that were to happen to Israel, and those nations which were to believe on the Saviour, and many other things concerning Him,—but also prophecies respecting particular events; as, for instance, how the asses of Kish, which were lost, were to be discovered, and regarding the sickness which had fallen upon the son of the king of Israel, and any other recorded circumstance of a similar kind.  But as a further answer to the Greeks, who do not believe in the birth of Jesus from a virgin, we have to say that the Creator has shown, by the generation of several kinds of animals, that what He has done in the instance of one animal, He could do, if it pleased Him, in that of others, and also of man himself.  For it is ascertained that there is a certain female animal which has no intercourse with the male (as writers on animals say is the case with vultures), and that this animal, without sexual intercourse, preserves the succession of race.  What incredibility, therefore, is there in supposing that, if God wished to send a divine teacher to the human race, He caused Him to be born in some manner different from the common!70    Πεποίηκεν ἀντὶ σπερματικοῦ λόγου, τοῦ ἐκ μίξεως τῶν ἀῤῥένων ταῖς γυναιξὶ, ἄλλῳ τρόπῳ γενέσθαι τὸν λόγον τοῦ τεχθησομένου.  Nay, according to the Greeks themselves, all men were not born of a man and woman.  For if the world has been created, as many even of the Greeks are pleased to admit, then the first men must have been produced not from sexual intercourse, but from the earth, in which spermatic elements existed; which, however, I consider more incredible than that Jesus was born like other men, so far as regards the half of his birth.  And there is no absurdity in employing Grecian histories to answer Greeks, with the view of showing that we are not the only persons who have recourse to miraculous narratives of this kind.  For some have thought fit, not in regard to ancient and heroic narratives, but in regard to events of very recent occurrence, to relate as a possible thing that Plato was the son of Amphictione, Ariston being prevented from having marital intercourse with his wife until she had given birth to him with whom she was pregnant by Apollo.  And yet these are veritable fables, which have led to the invention of such stories concerning a man whom they regarded as possessing greater wisdom and power than the multitude, and as having received the beginning of his corporeal substance from better and diviner elements than others, because they thought that this was appropriate to persons who were too great to be human beings.  And since Celsus has introduced the Jew disputing with Jesus, and tearing in pieces, as he imagines, the fiction of His birth from a virgin, comparing the Greek fables about Danaë, and Melanippe, and Auge, and Antiope, our answer is, that such language becomes a buffoon, and not one who is writing in a serious tone.

∆οκεῖ μοι οὖν μετρίως κατεσκευάσθαι οὐ μόνον ὅτι γεννηθήσεται ἐκ παρθένου ὁ σωτὴρ ἡμῶν ἀλλ' ὅτι καὶ προφῆται ἦσαν ἐν Ἰουδαίοις, προλέγοντες οὐ μόνον τὰ καθολικὰ περὶ μελλόντων, ὡς τὰ περὶ Χριστοῦ καὶ τὰ περὶ βασιλειῶν κοσμικῶν καὶ περὶ τῶν συμβησομένων τῷ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ περὶ τῶν πιστευόντων τῷ σωτῆρι ἐθνῶν καὶ πολλῶν ἄλλων τῶν περὶ αὐτοῦ λεχθέντων, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ καθ' ἕνα, ὡς περὶ τῶν ὄνων Κὶς ἀπολομένων, πῶς εὑρεθή σονται, καὶ περὶ τῆς νόσου, ἧς ἐνόσησεν ὁ τοῦ βασιλέως Ἰσραὴλ υἱός, ἢ εἴ τι ἄλλο ἀναγέγραπται τοιοῦτον. Ἔτι δὲ πρὸς Ἕλληνας λεκτέον, ἀπειθοῦντας τῇ ἐκ παρθένου γενέσει τοῦ Ἰησοῦ, ὅτι ὁ δημιουργὸς ἐν τῇ τῶν ποικίλων ζῴων γενέσει ἔδειξεν ὅτι ἦν αὐτῷ βουληθέντι δυνατὸν ποιῆσαι ὅπερ ἐφ' ἑνὸς ζῴου καὶ ἐπ' ἄλλων καὶ ἐπ' αὐτῶν τῶν ἀνθρώπων. Εὑρίσκεται δέ τινα τῶν ζῴων θήλεα, μὴ ἔχοντα ἄρρενος κοινωνίαν, ὡς οἱ περὶ ζῴων ἀναγράψαντες λέγουσι περὶ γυπός· καὶ τοῦτο τὸ ζῷον χωρὶς μίξεως σῴζει τὴν διαδοχὴν τῶν γενῶν. Τί οὖν παράδοξον, εἰ βουλη θεὶς ὁ θεὸς θεῖόν τινα διδάσκαλον πέμψαι τῷ γένει τῶν ἀνθρώπων πεποίηκεν, ἀντὶ [τοῦ διὰ] σπερματικοῦ λόγου τοῦ ἐκ μίξεως τῶν ἀρρένων ταῖς γυναιξὶ ποιῆσαι, ἄλλῳ τρόπῳ γενέσθαι τὸν λόγον τοῦ τεχθησομένου; Καὶ κατ' αὐτοὺς δὲ τοὺς Ἕλληνας οὐ πάντες ἄνθρωποι ἐξ ἀνδρὸς καὶ γυναικὸς ἐγένοντο. Εἰ γὰρ γενητός ἐστιν ὁ κόσμος, ὡς καὶ πολλοῖς Ἑλλήνων ἤρεσεν, ἀνάγκη τοὺς πρώτους μὴ ἐκ συνουσίας γεγονέναι ἀλλ' ἀπὸ γῆς, σπερματικῶν λόγων συστάντων ἐν τῇ γῇ· ὅπερ οἶμαι παραδοξότερον εἶναι τοῦ ἐξ ἡμίσους ὁμοίως τοῖς λοιποῖς ἀνθρώποις γενέσθαι τὸν Ἰησοῦν. Οὐδὲν δ' ἄτοπον πρὸς Ἕλληνας καὶ ἑλληνικαῖς ἱστορίαις χρήσασθαι, ἵνα μὴ δοκῶμεν μόνοι τῇ παραδόξῳ ἱστορίᾳ ταύτῃ κεχρῆσθαι· ἔδοξε γάρ τισιν οὐ περὶ ἀρχαίων τινῶν ἱστοριῶν καὶ ἡρωϊκῶν ἀλλὰ καὶ περί τινων χθὲς καὶ πρώην γενομένων ἀναγράψαι ὡς δυνατὸν ὅτι καὶ Πλάτων ἀπὸ τῆς Ἀμφικτιόνης γέγονε, κωλυθέντος τοῦ Ἀρίστωνος αὐτῇ συνελθεῖν, ἕως ἀποκυήσει τὸν ἐξ Ἀπόλλωνος σπαρέντα. Ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν ἀληθῶς μῦθοι, κινήσαντες εἰς τὸ ἀναπλάσαι τοιοῦτό τι περὶ ἀνδρός, ὃν ἐνόμιζον μείζονα τῶν πολλῶν ἔχοντα σοφίαν καὶ δύναμιν καὶ ἀπὸ κρειττόνων καὶ θειοτέρων σπερμάτων τὴν ἀρχὴν τῆς συστάσεως τοῦ σώματος εἰλη φέναι, ὡς τοῦθ' ἁρμόζον τοῖς μείζοσιν ἢ κατὰ ἄνθρωπον. Ἐπεὶ δὲ τὸν Ἰουδαῖον ὁ Κέλσος εἰσήγαγε διαλεγόμενον τῷ Ἰησοῦ καὶ διασύροντα τήν, ὡς οἴεται, προσποίησιν τῆς ἐκ παρθένου γενέσεως αὐτοῦ, φέροντα τοὺς ἑλληνικοὺς μύθους περὶ ∆ανάης καὶ Μελανίππης καὶ Αὔγης καὶ Ἀντιό πης, λεκτέον ὅτι ταῦτα βωμολόχῳ ἔπρεπε τὰ ῥήματα καὶ οὐ σπουδάζοντι ἐν τῇ ἀπαγγελίᾳ.