Chapter XXV.

Now, in order to grant that there did exist a healing spirit named Æsculapius, who used to cure the bodies of men, I would say to those who are astonished at such an occurrence, or at the prophetic knowledge of Apollo, that since the cure of bodies is a thing indifferent,436    μέσον. and a matter within the reach not merely of the good,437    ἀστείους. but also of the bad; and as the foreknowledge of the future is also a thing indifferent—for the possessor of foreknowledge does not necessarily manifest the possession of virtue—you must show that they who practise healing or who forefell the future are in no respect wicked, but exhibit a perfect pattern of virtue, and are not far from being regarded as gods.  But they will not be able to show that they are virtuous who practise the art of healing, or who are gifted with foreknowledge, seeing many who are not fit to live are related to have been healed; and these, too, persons whom, as leading improper lives, no wise physician would wish to heal.  And in the responses of the Pythian oracle also you may find some injunctions which are not in accordance with reason, two of which we will adduce on the present occasion; viz., when it gave commandment that Cleomedes438    Cf. Smith’s Dict. of Biograph., s.v.—the boxer, I suppose—should be honoured with divine honours, seeing some great importance or other attaching to his pugilistic skill, but did not confer either upon Pythagoras or upon Socrates the honours which it awarded to pugilism; and also when it called Archilochus “the servant of the Muses”—a man who employed his poetic powers upon topics of the most wicked and licentious nature, and whose public character was dissolute and impure—and entitled him “pious,”439    εὐσεβῆ. in respect of his being the servant of the Muses, who are deemed to be goddesses!  Now I am inclined to think that no one would assert that he was a “pious” man who was not adorned with all moderation and virtue, or that a decorous440    κόσμιος. man would utter such expressions as are contained in the unseemly441    οἱ μῂ σεμνοί. iambics of Archilochus.  And if nothing that is divine in itself is shown to belong either to the healing skill of Æsculapius or the prophetic power of Apollo, how could any one, even were I to grant that the facts are as alleged, reasonably worship them as pure divinities?—and especially when the prophetic spirit of Apollo, pure from any body of earth, secretly enters through the private parts the person of her who is called the priestess, as she is seated at the mouth of the Pythian cave!442    ὅτε διὰ τοῦ Πυθίου στομίου περικαθεζομένῃ τῇ καλουμένῃ προφήτιδι πνεῦμα διὰ τῶν γυναικείων ὑπεισέρχεται τὸ μαντικὸν, ὁ ᾽Απόλλων, τὸ καθαρὸν ἀπὸ γηίνου σώματος.  Boherellus conjectures τὸ μαντικὸν τοῦ ᾽Απόλλωνος τὸ καθαρον.  Whereas regarding Jesus and His power we have no such notion; for the body which was born of the Virgin was composed of human material, and capable of receiving human wounds and death.

Ἵνα δὲ καὶ δῶ ἰατρόν τινα δαίμονα θεραπεύειν σώματα τὸν καλούμενον Ἀσκληπιόν, εἴποιμ' ἂν πρὸς τοὺς θαυμάζοντας τὸ τοιοῦτο ἢ τὴν Ἀπόλλωνος μαντείαν ὅτι, εἴπερ μέσον ἐστὶν ἡ τῶν σωμάτων ἰατρικὴ καὶ πρᾶγμα πίπτον οὐκ εἰς ἀστείους μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ φαύλους, μέσον δὲ καὶ ἡ περὶ τῶν μελλόντων πρόγνωσις–οὐ γὰρ πάντως ἐμφαίνει τὸ ἀστεῖον ὁ προγινώσκων–, παραστήσατε πῶς οὐδαμῶς μέν εἰσι φαῦλοι οἱ θεραπεύοντες ἢ οἱ προγινώσκοντες παντὶ δὲ τρόπῳ ἀποδείκνυνται ἀστεῖοί τινες καὶ οὐ μακρὰν τοῦ ὑποληφθῆναι εἶναι θεοί. Ἀλλ' οὐ δυνήσονται ἀστείους ἀποδεῖξαι τοὺς θεραπεύοντας ἢ τοὺς προγινώκοντας, πολλῶν καὶ ἀναξίων τοῦ ζῆν θεραπεύεσθαι λεγομένων, οὓς οὐκ ἂν οὐδ' ὁ σοφὸς ἰατρὸς ὢν θεραπεῦσαι ἠθέλησεν ἀκαθηκόντως ζῶντας. Καὶ ἐν τοῖς χρησμοῖς δὲ τοῦ Πυθίου εὕροις ἂν προστασ σόμενά τινα οὐκ εὔλογα. Ὧν δύο ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος παραθή σομαι, ὅτι Κλεομήδην μέν, οἶμαι τὸν πύκτην, ἰσοθέοις τιμαῖς ἐκέλευε τιμᾶσθαι, οὐκ οἶδ' ὅ τι ποτὲ σεμνὸν ἰδὼν ἐν τῇ πυκτικῇ αὐτοῦ, οὔτε δὲ Πυθαγόραν οὔτε Σωκράτην ἐτίμησε ταῖς τιμαῖς τοῦ πύκτου. Ἀλλὰ καὶ "Μουσῶν θεράποντα" εἰπὼν τὸν Ἀρχίλοχον, ἄνδρα ἐν κακίστῃ καὶ ἀσελγεστάτῃ ὑποθέσει ἐπιδειξάμενον τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ποιητικὴν καὶ ἦθος ἀσελγὲς καὶ ἀκάθαρτον παραστήσαντα, ὅσον ἐπὶ τῷ "θεράποντα" εἶναι "Μουσῶν", νομιζομένων εἶναι θεῶν, εὐσεβῆ τινα ἀνηγόρευσεν. Οὐκ οἶδα δὲ εἰ καὶ ὁ τυχὼν τὸν εὐσεβῆ φήσει μὴ πάσῃ κεκοσμῆσθαι μετριότητι καὶ ἀρετῇ, καὶ κόσμιος τοιαῦτα λέγοι ἄν, ὁποῖα περιέχουσιν οἱ μὴ σεμνοὶ τοῦ Ἀρχιλόχου ἴαμβοι. Εἰ δὲ μηδὲν θεῖον αὐτόθεν ἐμφαίνεται ἀπὸ τῆς Ἀσκληπιοῦ ἰατρικῆς καὶ Ἀπόλλωνος μαντικῆς, πῶς εὐλόγως ἄν τις, ἵνα καὶ δῶ ταῦθ' οὕτως ἔχειν, ὡς θεοὺς αὐτοὺς σέβοι ἂν καθαρούς τινας; Καὶ μάλισθ' ὅτε διὰ τοῦ Πυθίου στομίου περικαθεζομένῃ τῇ καλουμένῃ προφήτιδι πνεῦμα διὰ τῶν γυναικείων ὑπεισέρχεται τὸ μαντικόν, ὁ Ἀπόλλων, τὸ καθαρὸν ἀπὸ γηΐνου σώματος. Οὐδὲν δὲ τοιοῦτον ἡμεῖς περὶ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ καὶ τῆς δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ δοξάζομεν. Τὸ γὰρ γεγεννημένον ἀπὸ τῆς παρθένου σῶμα ἦν ἀπὸ τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης ὕλης συνεστηκός, δεκτικὸν τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων τραυμάτων καὶ θανάτου.