Origen of Alexandria, Against Celsus

For, in the first place, he is of opinion that “thunders, and lightnings, and rains are not the works of God,”—thus showing more clearly at last his Epicurean leanings; and in the second place, that “even if one were to grant that these were the works of God, they are brought into existence not more for the support of us who are human beings, than for that of plants, and trees, and herbs, and thorns,”—maintaining, like a true Epicurean, that these things are the product of chance, and not the work of Providence. For if these things are of no more use to us than to plants, and trees, and herbs, and thorns, it is evident either that they do not proceed from Providence at all, or from a providence which does not provide for us in a greater degree than for trees, and herbs, and thorns. Now, either of these suppositions is impious in itself, and it would be foolish to refute such statements by answering any one who brought against us the charge of impiety; for it is manifest to every one, from what has been said, who is the person guilty of impiety. In the next place, he adds: “Although you may say that these things, viz., plants, and trees, and herbs, and thorns, grow for the use of men, why will you maintain that they grow for the use of men rather than for that of the most savage of irrational animals?” Let Celsus then say distinctly that the great diversity among the products of the earth is not the work of Providence, but that a certain fortuitous concurrence of atoms925 συντυχία τις ἀτόμων. gave birth to qualities so diverse, and that it was owing to chance that so many kinds of plants, and trees, and herbs resemble one another, and that no disposing reason gave existence to them,926 οὐδεὶς λόγος τεχνικὸς ὑπέστησεν αὐτά. and that they do not derive their origin from an understanding that is beyond all admiration. We Christians, however, who are devoted to the worship of the only God, who created these things, feel grateful for them to Him who made them, because not only for us, but also (on our account) for the animals which are subject to us, He has prepared such a home,927 ἑστίαν. seeing “He causeth the grass to grow for the cattle, and herb for the service of man, that He may bring forth food out of the earth, and wine that maketh glad the heart of man, and oil to make his face to shine, and bread which strengtheneth man’s heart.”928 Cf. Ps. civ. 14, 15. But that He should have provided food even for the most savage animals is not matter of surprise, for these very animals are said by some who have philosophized (upon the subject) to have been created for the purpose of affording exercise to the rational creature. And one of our own wise men says somewhere: “Do not say, What is this? or Wherefore is that? for all things have been made for their uses. And do not say, What is this? or Wherefore is that? for everything shall be sought out in its season.”929 Cf. Ecclus. xxxix. 21, and 16, 17.

Οἴεται γὰρ πρῶτον μὲν μὴ ἔργα θεοῦ εἶναι βροντὰς καὶ ἀστραπὰς καὶ ὑετούς, ἤδη σαφέστερον ἐπικουρίζων· δεύτερον δέ φησιν ὅτι, εἰ καὶ διδῴη τις ταῦτα ἔργα εἶναι θεοῦ, οὐ μᾶλλον ἡμῖν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ταῦτα γίνεται πρὸς τροφὴν ἢ τοῖς φυτοῖς δένδροις τε καὶ πόαις καὶ ἀκάνθαις, συντυχικῶς διδοὺς καὶ οὐ κατὰ πρόνοιαν ὡς ἀληθῶς ἐπικού ρειος ταῦτα συμβαίνειν. Εἰ γὰρ οὐ μᾶλλον ἡμῖν ἢ φυτοῖς καὶ δένδροις καὶ πόαις καὶ ἀκάνθαις ταῦτ' ἐστι χρήσιμα, δῆλον ὅτι οὐδ' ἀπὸ προνοίας ταῦτ' ἔρχεται ἢ ἀπὸ προνοίας οὐ μᾶλλον ἡμῶν προνοουμένης ἢ δένδρων καὶ πόας καὶ ἀκάνθης. Ἑκάτερον δ' αὐτόθεν ἀσεβές, καὶ τὸ τοῖς τοιούτοις ἀντιλέγειν ἱστάμενον πρὸς τὸν ἀσέβειαν ἡμῶν κατηγοροῦντα εὔηθες· παντὶ γὰρ δῆλον ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων, τίς ὁ ἀσεβής. Εἶτά φησιν ὅτι κἂν ταῦτα λέγῃς ἀνθρώποις φύεσθαι –δῆλον δ' ὅτι τὰ φυτὰ καὶ δένδρα καὶ πόας καὶ ἀκάνθας–, τί μᾶλλον αὐτὰ ἀνθρώποις φήσεις φύεσθαι ἢ τοῖς ἀλόγοις ζῴοις τοῖς ἀγριωτάτοις; Σαφῶς οὖν λεγέτω ὁ Κέλσος ὅτι ἡ τοσαύτη τῶν ἐπὶ γῆς φυομένων διαφορὰ οὐ προνοίας ἐστὶν ἔργον, ἀλλὰ συντυχία τις ἀτόμων τὰς τοσαύτας ποιότητας πεποίηκε, καὶ κατὰ συντυχίαν τοσαῦτα εἴδη φυτῶν καὶ δένδρων καὶ πόας παραπλήσιά ἐστιν ἀλλήλοις, καὶ ὅτι οὐδεὶς λόγος τεχνικὸς ὑπέστησεν αὐτά, οὐδ' ἀπὸ νοῦ ἔχει τὴν ἀρχήν, πάντα θαυμασμὸν ὑπερβεβηκότος. Ἀλλ' ἡμεῖς οἱ τῷ ταῦτα κτίσαντι μόνῳ ἀνακείμενοι θεῷ Χριστιανοὶ καὶ ἐπὶ τούτοις χάριν οἴδαμεν τῷ καὶ τούτων δημιουργῷ, ὅτι ἡμῖν τηλικαύτην ἑστίαν εὐτρέπισε καὶ δι' ἡμᾶς τοῖς δου λεύουσιν ἡμῖν ζῴοις· "Ὁ ἐξανατέλλων χόρτον τοῖς κτήνεσι καὶ χλόην τῇ δουλείᾳ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, τοῦ ἐξαγαγεῖν ἄρτον ἐκ τῆς γῆς, καὶ ἵν' οἶνος εὐφραίνῃ καρδίαν ἀνθρώπου, καὶ ἱλαρύνηται πρόσωπον ἐν ἐλαίῳ, καὶ ἄρτος στηρίζῃ καρδίαν ἀνθρώπου." Εἰ δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἀγριωτάτοις τῶν ζῴων τροφὰς κατεσκεύασεν, οὐδὲν θαυμαστόν· καὶ ταῦτα γὰρ τὰ ζῷα καὶ ἄλλοι τῶν φιλοσοφησάντων εἰρήκασι γυμνασίου ἕνεκα γεγονέναι τῷ λογικῷ ζῴῳ. Φησὶ δέ που τῶν καθ' ἡμᾶς τις σοφῶν· "Μὴ εἴπῃς· τί τοῦτο, εἰς τί τοῦτο; Πάντα γὰρ εἰς χρείαν αὐτῶν ἔκτισται" καὶ "Μὴ εἴπῃς· τί τοῦτο, εἰς τί τοῦτο; Πάντα γὰρ ἐν καιρῷ αὐτῶν ζητηθήσεται".