Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae

Objection 1: It would seem that the prophecy which has intellective and imaginative vision is more excellent than that which is accompanied by intellective vision alone. For Augustine says (Gen. ad lit. xii, 9): "He is less a prophet, who sees in spirit nothing but the signs representative of things, by means of the images of things corporeal: he is more a prophet, who is merely endowed with the understanding of these signs; but most of all is he a prophet, who excels in both ways," and this refers to the prophet who has intellective together with imaginative vision. Therefore this kind of prophecy is more excellent.

Objection 2: Further, the greater a thing's power is, the greater the distance to which it extends. Now the prophetic light pertains chiefly to the mind, as stated above (Question 173, Article 2). Therefore apparently the prophecy that extends to the imagination is greater than that which is confined to the intellect.

Objection 3: Further, Jerome (Prol. in Lib. Reg.) distinguishes the "prophets" from the "sacred writers." Now all those whom he calls prophets (such as Isaias, Jeremias, and the like) had intellective together with imaginative vision: but not those whom he calls sacred writers, as writing by the inspiration of the Holy Ghost (such as Job, David, Solomon, and the like). Therefore it would seem more proper to call prophets those who had intellective together with imaginative vision, than those who had intellective vision alone.

Objection 4: Further, Dionysius says (Coel. Hier. i) that "it is impossible for the Divine ray to shine on us, except as screened round about by the many-colored sacred veils." Now the prophetic revelation is conveyed by the infusion of the divine ray. Therefore it seems that it cannot be without the veils of phantasms.

On the contrary, A gloss says at the beginning of the Psalter that "the most excellent manner of prophecy is when a man prophesies by the mere inspiration of the Holy Ghost, apart from any outward assistance of deed, word, vision, or dream."

I answer that, The excellence of the means is measured chiefly by the end. Now the end of prophecy is the manifestation of a truth that surpasses the faculty of man. Wherefore the more effective this manifestation is, the more excellent the prophecy. But it is evident that the manifestation of divine truth by means of the bare contemplation of the truth itself, is more effective than that which is conveyed under the similitude of corporeal things, for it approaches nearer to the heavenly vision whereby the truth is seen in God's essence. Hence it follows that the prophecy whereby a supernatural truth is seen by intellectual vision, is more excellent than that in which a supernatural truth is manifested by means of the similitudes of corporeal things in the vision of the imagination.

Moreover the prophet's mind is shown thereby to be more lofty: even as in human teaching the hearer, who is able to grasp the bare intelligible truth the master propounds, is shown to have a better understanding than one who needs to be taken by the hand and helped by means of examples taken from objects of sense. Hence it is said in commendation of David's prophecy (2 Kgs. 23:3): "The strong one of Israel spoke to me," and further on (2 Kgs. 23:4): "As the light of the morning, when the sun riseth, shineth in the morning without clouds."

Reply to Objection 1: When a particular supernatural truth has to be revealed by means of corporeal images, he that has both, namely the intellectual light and the imaginary vision, is more a prophet than he that has only one, because his prophecy is more perfect; and it is in this sense that Augustine speaks as quoted above. Nevertheless the prophecy in which the bare intelligible truth is revealed is greater than all.

Reply to Objection 2: The same judgment does not apply to things that are sought for their own sake, as to things sought for the sake of something else. For in things sought for their own sake, the agent's power is the more effective according as it extends to more numerous and more remote objects; even so a physician is thought more of, if he is able to heal more people, and those who are further removed from health. on the other hand, in things sought only for the sake of something else, that agent would seem to have greater power, who is able to achieve his purpose with fewer means and those nearest to hand: thus more praise is awarded the physician who is able to heal a sick person by means of fewer and more gentle remedies. Now, in the prophetic knowledge, imaginary vision is required, not for its own sake, but on account of the manifestation of the intelligible truth. Wherefore prophecy is all the more excellent according as it needs it less.

Reply to Objection 3: The fact that a particular predicate is applicable to one thing and less properly to another, does not prevent this latter from being simply better than the former: thus the knowledge of the blessed is more excellent than the knowledge of the wayfarer, although faith is more properly predicated of the latter knowledge, because faith implies an imperfection of knowledge. In like manner prophecy implies a certain obscurity, and remoteness from the intelligible truth; wherefore the name of prophet is more properly applied to those who see by imaginary vision. And yet the more excellent prophecy is that which is conveyed by intellectual vision, provided the same truth be revealed in either case. If, however, the intellectual light be divinely infused in a person, not that he may know some supernatural things, but that he may be able to judge, with the certitude of divine truth, of things that can be known by human reason, such intellectual prophecy is beneath that which is conveyed by an imaginary vision leading to a supernatural truth. It was this kind of prophecy that all those had who are included in the ranks of the prophets, who moreover were called prophets for the special reason that they exercised the prophetic calling officially. Hence they spoke as God's representatives, saying to the people: "Thus saith the Lord": but not so the authors of the "sacred writings," several of whom treated more frequently of things that can be known by human reason, not in God's name, but in their own, yet with the assistance of the Divine light withal.

Reply to Objection 4: In the present life the enlightenment by the divine ray is not altogether without any veil of phantasms, because according to his present state of life it is unnatural to man not to understand without a phantasm. Sometimes, however, it is sufficient to have phantasms abstracted in the usual way from the senses without any imaginary vision divinely vouchsafed, and thus prophetic vision is said to be without imaginary vision.

Articulus 2

Argumentum 1

Ad secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod excellentior sit prophetia quae habet visionem intellectualem et imaginariam, quam ea quae habet visionem intellectualem tantum.

Dicit enim Augustinus, XII super Gen. Ad litt., et habetur in Glossa, I ad Cor. XIV, super illud, spiritus autem loquitur mysteria, minus est propheta qui rerum significatarum solo spiritu videt imagines; et magis est propheta qui solo earum intellectu est praeditus; sed maxime propheta est qui in utroque praecellit.

Hoc autem pertinet ad prophetam qui simul habet intellectualem et imaginariam visionem. Ergo huiusmodi prophetia est altior.

Argumentum 2

Praeterea, quanto virtus alicuius rei est maior, tanto ad magis distantia se extendit. Sed lumen propheticum principaliter ad mentem pertinet, ut ex dictis patet.

Ergo perfectior videtur esse prophetia quae derivatur usque ad imaginationem, quam illa quae existit in solo intellectu.

Argumentum 3

Praeterea, Hieronymus, in prologo libri regum, distinguit prophetas contra hagiographos. Omnes autem illi quos prophetas nominat, puta Isaias, ieremias et alii huiusmodi, simul cum intellectuali visione imaginariam habuerunt, non autem illi qui dicuntur hagiographi, sicut ex inspiratione spiritus sancti scribentes, sicut iob, David, Salomon et huiusmodi.

Ergo videtur quod magis proprie dicuntur prophetae illi qui habent simul visionem imaginariam cum intellectuali, quam illi qui habent intellectualem tantum.

Argumentum 4

Praeterea, dionysius dicit, I cap. Cael. Hier., quod impossibile est nobis superlucere divinum radium, nisi varietate sacrorum velaminum circumvelatum.

Sed prophetica revelatio fit per immissionem divini radii. Ergo videtur quod non possit esse absque phantasmatum velaminibus.

Sed Contra

Sed contra est quod Glossa dicit, in principio Psalterii, quod ille modus prophetiae ceteris est dignior, quando scilicet ex sola spiritus sancti inspiratione, remoto omni exteriori adminiculo facti vel dicti vel visionis vel somnii, prophetatur.

Corpus

Respondeo dicendum quod dignitas eorum quae sunt ad finem, praecipue consideratur ex fine. Finis autem prophetiae est manifestatio alicuius veritatis supra hominem existentis. Unde quanto huiusmodi manifestatio est potior, tanto prophetia est dignior. Manifestum est autem quod manifestatio veritatis divinae quae fit secundum nudam contemplationem ipsius veritatis, potior est quam illa quae fit sub similitudine corporalium rerum, magis enim appropinquat ad visionem patriae, secundum quam in essentia dei veritas conspicitur. Et inde est quod prophetia per quam aliqua supernaturalis veritas conspicitur nude secundum intellectualem veritatem, est dignior quam illa in qua veritas supernaturalis manifestatur per similitudinem corporalium rerum secundum imaginariam visionem. Et ex hoc etiam ostenditur mens prophetae sublimior, sicut in doctrina humana auditor ostenditur esse melioris intellectus qui veritatem intelligibilem a magistro nude prolatam capere potest, quam ille qui indiget sensibilibus exemplis ad hoc manuduci.

Unde in commendationem prophetiae David dicitur, II Reg. XXIII, mihi locutus est fortis Israel; et postea subdit, sicut lux aurorae, oriente sole, mane absque nubibus rutilat.

Ad 1

Ad primum ergo dicendum quod quando aliqua supernaturalis veritas revelanda est per similitudines corporales, tunc magis est propheta qui utrumque habet, scilicet lumen intellectuale et imaginariam visionem, quam ille qui habet alterum tantum, quia perfectior est prophetia. Et quantum ad hoc loquitur Augustinus.

Sed illa prophetia in qua revelatur nude intelligibilis veritas, est omnibus potior.

Ad 2

Ad secundum dicendum quod aliud est iudicium de his quae propter se quaeruntur, et de his quae quaeruntur propter aliud. In his enim quae propter se quaeruntur, quanto virtus agentis ad plura et remotiora se extendit, tanto potior est, sicut medicus reputatur melior qui potest plures, et magis a sanitate distantes sanare.

In his autem quae non quaeruntur nisi propter aliud, quanto agens potest ex paucioribus et propinquioribus ad suum intentum pervenire, tanto videtur esse maioris virtutis, sicut magis laudatur medicus qui per pauciora et leviora potest sanare infirmum. Visio autem imaginaria in cognitione prophetica non requiritur propter se, sed propter manifestationem intelligibilis veritatis. Et ideo tanto potior est prophetia, quanto minus ea indiget.

Ad 3

Ad tertium dicendum quod nihil prohibet aliquid esse simpliciter melius, quod tamen minus proprie recipit alicuius praedicationem, sicut cognitio patriae est nobilior quam cognitio viae, quae tamen magis proprie dicitur fides, eo quod nomen fidei importat imperfectionem cognitionis. Similiter autem prophetia importat quandam obscuritatem et remotionem ab intelligibili veritate.

Et ideo magis proprie dicuntur prophetae qui vident per imaginariam visionem, quamvis illa prophetia sit nobilior quae est per intellectualem visionem, dum tamen sit eadem veritas utrobique revelata. Si vero lumen intellectuale alicui divinitus infundatur non ad cognoscendum aliqua supernaturalia, sed ad iudicandum secundum certitudinem veritatis divinae ea quae humana ratione cognosci possunt; sic talis prophetia intellectualis est infra illam quae est cum imaginaria visione ducente in supernaturalem veritatem; cuiusmodi prophetiam habuerunt omnes illi qui numerantur in ordine prophetarum. Qui etiam ex hoc specialiter dicuntur prophetae, quia prophetico officio fungebantur, unde et ex persona domini loquebantur, dicentes ad populum, haec dicit dominus; quod non faciebant illi qui hagiographa conscripserunt, quorum plures loquebantur frequentius de his quae humana ratione cognosci possunt, non quasi ex persona dei, sed ex persona propria, cum adiutorio tamen divini luminis.

Ad 4

Ad quartum dicendum quod illustratio divini radii in vita praesenti non fit sine velaminibus phantasmatum qualiumcumque, quia connaturale est homini, secundum statum praesentis vitae, ut non intelligat sine phantasmate. Quandoque tamen sufficiunt phantasmata quae communi modo a sensibus abstrahuntur, nec exigitur aliqua visio imaginaria divinitus procurata. Et sic dicitur revelatio prophetica fieri sine imaginaria visione.