Chapter XXV.—Concerning the Circumcision.

The Circumcision1288    Just. Martyr., Dial. cum Tryph., p. 241. was given to Abraham before the law, after the blessings, after the promise, as a sign separating him and his offspring and his household from the Gentiles with whom he lived1289    Gen. xvii. 10.. And this is evident1290    Chrys., Hom. 39 in Gen., for when the Israelites passed forty years alone by themselves in the desert, having no intercourse with any other race, all that were born in the desert were uncircumcised: but when Joshua1291    Text, ᾽Ιησοῦς. led them across Jordan, they were circumcised, and a second law of circumcision was instituted. For in Abraham’s time the law of circumcision was given, and for the forty years in the desert it fell into abeyance. And again for the second time God gave the law of Circumcision to Joshua, after the crossing of Jordan, according as it is written in the book of Joshua, the son of Nun: At that time the Lord said unto Joshua, Make thee knives of stone from the sharp rock, and assemble and circumcise the sons of Israel a second time1292    Josh. v. 2.; and a little later: For the children of Israel walked forty and two1293    Ibid. 6.years in the wilderness of Battaris1294    Text, Βατταριτίδι as in mss.; but in Bib. Sixt. μαδβαρείτιδι is to be read. The desert in which the Israelites dwelt is called “per antonomasiam” Madbara, from the Hebrew מדבר, desert., till all the people that were men of war, which came out of Egypt, were uncircumcised, because they obeyed not the voice of the Lord: unto whom the Lord sware that He would not shew them the good land, which the Lord swore unto their fathers that He would give them, a land that floweth with milk and honey. And their children, whom He raised up in their stead, them Joshua circumcised: for they were uncircumcised, because they had not circumcised them by the way1295    Josh. v. 6, 7.. So that the circumcision was a sign, dividing Israel from the Gentiles with whom they dwelt.

It was, moreover, a figure of baptism1296    Greg. Naz., Orat. 40. Athan., De Sab. et circ.. For just as the circumcision does not cut off a useful member of the body but only a useless superfluity, so by the holy baptism we are circumcised from sin, and sin clearly is, so to speak, the superfluous part of desire and not useful desire. For it is quite impossible that any one should have no desire at all nor ever experience the taste of pleasure. But the useless part of pleasure, that is to say, useless desire and pleasure, it is this that is sin from which holy baptism circumcises us, giving us as a token the precious cross on the brow, not to divide us from the Gentiles (for all the nations received baptism and were sealed with the sign of the Cross), but to distinguish in each nation the faithful from the faithless. Wherefore, when the truth is revealed, circumcision is a senseless figure and shade. So circumcision is now superfluous and contrary to holy baptism. For he who is circumcised is a debtor to do the whole law1297    Gal. v. 3.. Further, the Lord was circumcised that He might fulfil the law: and He fulfilled the whole law and observed the Sabbath that He might fulfil and establish the law1298    St. Matt. v. 17.. Moreover after He was baptized and the Holy Spirit had appeared to men, descending on Him in the form of a dove, from that time the spiritual service and conduct of life and the Kingdom of Heaven was preached.

Περὶ τῆς περιτομῆς

Ἡ περιτομὴ πρὸ νόμου ἐδόθη τῷ Ἀβραὰμ μετὰ τὰς εὐλογίας, μετὰ τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν, σημεῖον ἀποδιαστέλλον αὐτὸν καὶ τοὺς αὐτοῦ οἰκογενεῖς ἐκ τῶν ἐθνῶν, μεθ' ὧν συνανεστρέφετο. Καὶ δῆλον: Ὅτε γὰρ ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ τεσσαράκοντα ἔτη ὁ Ἰσραὴλ μόνος καθ' ἑαυτὸν διέτριψεν οὐ συναναμεμιγμένος ἑτέρῳ ἔθνει, ὅσοι ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ ἐγεννήθησαν, οὐ περιετμήθησαν: ἡνίκα δὲ Ἰησοῦς διεβίβαζεν αὐτοὺς τὸν Ἰορδάνην, περιετμήθησαν, καὶ γέγονε δεύτερος νόμος περιτομῆς. Ἐπὶ Ἀβραὰμ γὰρ ἐδόθη νόμος περιτομῆς, εἶτα ἐπαύσατο ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ τεσσαράκοντα ἔτη. Καὶ πάλιν ἐκ δευτέρου ἔδωκεν ὁ θεὸς τῷ Ἰησοῦ νόμον περιτομῆς μετὰ τὸ διαβῆναι τὸν Ἰορδάνην, καθὼς ἐν τῇ βίβλῳ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Ναυῆ γέγραπται: «Ὑπὸ δὲ τοῦτον τὸν καιρὸν εἶπεν κύριος τῷ Ἰησοῦ: Ποίησον σεαυτῷ μαχαίρας πετρίνας ἐκ πέτρας ἀκροτόμου καὶ καθίσας περίτεμε τοὺς υἱοὺς Ἰσραὴλ ἐκ δευτέρου», καὶ μετ' ὀλίγα: «Ἐπὶ τεσσαράκοντα γὰρ καὶ δύο ἔτη ἀνέστραπται Ἰσραὴλ ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ τῇ Βατταρίτιδι, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἀπερίτμητοι αὐτῶν ἦσαν οἱ πλεῖστοι τῶν μαχίμων τῶν ἐξεληλυθότων ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου, οἱ ἀπειθήσαντες ταῖς ἐντολαῖς τοῦ θεοῦ, οἷς καὶ διώρισε μὴ ἰδεῖν αὐτοὺς τὴν γῆν τὴν ἀγαθήν, ἣν ὤμοσε κύριος τοῖς πατράσιν ἡμῶν δοῦναι αὐτοῖς, γῆν ῥέουσαν γάλα καὶ μέλι. Ἀντὶ δὲ τούτων ἀντεκατέστησε τοὺς υἱοὺς αὐτῶν, οὓς Ἰησοῦς περιέτεμε, διὰ τὸ γεγενῆσθαι αὐτοὺς ἀπεριτμήτους κατὰ τὴν ὁδόν». Ὥστε σημεῖον ἦν ἡ περιτομὴ ἀφορίζον τὸν Ἰσραὴλ ἐκ τῶν ἐθνῶν, οἷς συνανεστρέφετο.

Τύπος δὲ ἦν τοῦ βαπτίσματος. Καθάπερ γὰρ ἡ περιτομὴ οὐ χρειῶδες μέλος ἀποτέμνει τοῦ σώματος, ἀλλὰ περίττωμα ἄχρηστον, οὕτω διὰ τοῦ ἁγίου βαπτίσματος τὴν ἁμαρτίαν περιτεμνόμεθα: ἡ δὲ ἁμαρτία δῆλον ὡς περίττωμα ἐπιθυμίας ἐστὶ καὶ οὐ χρειώδης ἐπιθυμία (ἀδύνατον γάρ τινα μηδ' ὅλως ἐπιθυμεῖν ἢ τέλεον ἄγευστον ἡδονῆς εἶναι), ἀλλὰ τὸ ἄχρηστον τῆς ἡδονῆς ἤτοι ἡ ἄχρηστος ἐπιθυμία τε καὶ ἡδονή, τουτέστιν ἡ ἁμαρτία, ἣν περιτέμνει τὸ ἅγιον βάπτισμα παρέχον ἡμῖν σημεῖον τὸν τίμιον σταυρὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ μετώπου, οὐκ ἐξ ἐθνῶν ἀφορίζον ἡμᾶς (πάντα γὰρ τὰ ἔθνη τοῦ βαπτίσματος ἔτυχον καὶ τῷ σημείῳ τοῦ σταυροῦ ἐσφραγίσθησαν), ἀλλ' ἐν ἑκάστῳ ἔθνει τὸν πιστὸν ἀποδιαστέλλον τοῦ ἀπίστου. Τῆς τοίνυν ἀληθείας ἐμφανισθείσης ἀνόνητος ὁ τύπος καὶ ἡ σκιά. Ὥστε περιττὸν νῦν τὸ περιτέμνεσθαι καὶ ἐναντίον τοῦ ἁγίου βαπτίσματος. Ὁ γὰρ περιτεμνόμενος χρεωστεῖ ὅλον τὸν νόμον τηρῆσαι: ὁ δὲ κύριος, ἵνα πληρώσῃ τὸν νόμον, περιετμήθη, καὶ πάντα δὲ τὸν νόμον καὶ τὸ σάββατον ἐτήρησεν, ἵνα πληρώσῃ καὶ στήσῃ τὸν νόμον. Ἀφ' οὗ δὲ ἐβαπτίσθη καὶ τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἐνεφανίσθη ἐν εἴδει περιστερᾶς καταβαῖνον ἐπ' αὐτόν, ἔκτοτε ἡ πνευματικὴ λατρεία καὶ πολιτεία καὶ ἡ τῶν οὐρανῶν βασιλεία κεκήρυκται.