Chapter VI.—Concerning the Heaven.

The heaven is the circumference of things created, both visible and invisible. For within its boundary are included and marked off both the mental faculties of the angels and all the world of sense. But the Deity alone is uncircumscribed, filling all things, and surrounding all things, and bounding all things, for He is above all things, and has created all things.

Since278    Cf. Chrysost., In Genes., hom. 4; Basil, Hex. hom. 3, &c., therefore, the Scripture speaks of heaven, and heaven of heaven279    Ps. cxv. 16., and heavens of heavens280    Ib. cxlviii. 4., and the blessed Paul says that he was snatched away to the third heaven281    2 Cor. xii. 2., we say that in the cosmogony of the universe we accept the creation of a heaven which the foreign philosophers, appropriating the views of Moses, call a starless sphere. But further, God called the firmament also heaven282    Gen. i. 8., which He commanded to be in the midst of the waters, setting it to divide the waters that are above the firmament from the waters that are below the firmament. And its nature, according to the divine Basilius283    Basil, Hom. 1 in Hexaëmeron., who is versed in the mysteries of divine Scripture, is delicate as smoke. Others, however, hold that it is watery in nature, since it is set in the midst of the waters: others say it is composed of the four elements: and lastly, others speak of it as a fifth body, distinct from the four elements284    The Peripatetics. See Nemes., ch. 5..

Further, some have thought that the heaven encircles the universe and has the form of a sphere, and that everywhere it is the highest point, and that the centre of the space enclosed by it is the lowest part: and, further, that those bodies that are light and airy are allotted by the Creator the upper region: while those that are heavy and tend to descend occupy the lower region, which is the middle. The element, then, that is lightest and most inclined to soar upwards is fire, and hence they hold that its position is immediately after the heaven, and they call it ether, and after it comes the lower air. But earth and water, which are heavier and have more of a downward tendency, are suspended in the centre. Therefore, taking them in the reverse order, we have in the lowest situation earth and water: but water is lighter than earth, and hence is more easily set in motion: above these on all hands, like a covering, is the circle of air, and all round the air is the circle of ether, and outside air is the circle of the heaven.

Further, they say that the heaven moves in a circle and so compresses all that is within it, that they remain firm and not liable to fall asunder.

They say also that there are seven zones of the heaven285    Basil, Hom. 3, in Hexaëmeron., one higher than the other. And its nature, they say, is of extreme fineness, like that of smoke, and each zone contains one of the planets. For there are said to be seven planets: Sol, Luna, Jupiter, Mercury, Mars, Venus and Saturn. But sometimes Venus is called Lucifer and sometimes Vesper. These are called planets because their movements are the reverse of those of the heaven. For while the heaven and all other stars move from east to west, these alone move from west to east. And this can easily be seen in the case of the moon, which moves each evening a little backwards.

All, therefore, who hold that the heaven is in the form of a sphere, say that it is equally removed and distant from the earth at all points, whether above, or sideways, or below. And by ‘below’ and ‘sideways’ I mean all that comes within the range of our senses. For it follows from what has been said, that the heaven occupies the whole of the upper region and the earth the whole of the lower. They say, besides, that the heaven encircles the earth in the manner of a sphere, and bears along with it in its most rapid revolutions sun, moon and stars, and that when the sun is over the earth it becomes day there, and when it is under the earth it is night. And, again, when the sun goes under the earth it is night here, but day yonder.

Others have pictured the heaven as a hemisphere. This idea is suggested by these words of David, the singer of God, Who stretchest out the heavens like a curtain286    Ps. civ. 2., by which word he clearly means a tent: and by these from the blessed Isaiah, Who hath established the heavens like a vault287    Is. xl. 22.: and also because when the sun, moon, and stars set they make a circuit round the earth from west to north, and so reach once more the east288    Chrysost., Hom. 14 and 17, ad Hebr.. Still, whether it is this way or that, all things have been made and established by the divine command, and have the divine will and counsel for a foundation that cannot be moved. For He Himself spoke and they were made: He Himself commanded and they were created. He hath also established them for ever and ever: He hath made a decree which will not pass289    Ps. cxlviii. 5, 6..

The heaven of heaven, then, is the first heaven which is above the firmament290    Greg. Nyss. de opif. Hom.. So here we have two heavens, for God called the firmament also Heaven291    Gen. i. 8.. And it is customary in the divine Scripture to speak of the air also as heavens, because we see it above us. Bless Him, it says, all ye birds of the heaven, meaning of the air. For it is the air and not the heaven that is the region in which birds fly. So here we have three heavens, as the divine Apostle said292    2 Cor. xii. 2.. But if you should wish to look upon the seven zones as seven heavens there is no injury done to the word of truth. For it is usual in the Hebrew tongue to speak of heaven in the plural, that is, as heavens, and when a Hebrew wishes to say heaven of heaven, he usually says heavens of heavens, and this clearly means heaven of heaven293    Ps. cxlviii. 4., which is above the firmament, and the waters which are above the heavens, whether it is the air and the firmament, or the seven zones of the firmament, or the firmament itself which are spoken of in the plural as heavens according to the Hebrew custom.

All things, then, which are brought into existence are subject to corruption according to the law of their nature294    Plato, Tim., and so even the heavens themselves are corruptible. But by the grace of God they are maintained and preserved295    Basil, Hom. 1 and 3, in Hexaëmeron.. Only the Deity, however, is by nature without beginning and without end296    Just., quæst. 93.. Wherefore it has been said, They will perish, but Thou dost endure297    Ps. cii. 26.: nevertheless, the heavens will not be utterly destroyed. For they will wax old and be wound round as a covering, and will be changed, and there will be a new heaven and a new earth298    Apoc. xxi. 1..

For the great part the heaven is greater than the earth, but we need not investigate the essence of the heaven, for it is quite beyond our knowledge.

It must not be supposed that the heavens or the luminaries are endowed with life299    Cf. August., Retract. ii. 2.. For they are inanimate and insensible300    Basil, Hom. 13, in Hexaëmeron.. So that when the divine Scripture saith, Let the heavens rejoice and the earth be glad301    Ps. xcvi. 11., it is the angels in heaven and the men on earth that are invited to rejoice. For the Scripture is familiar with the figure of personification, and is wont to speak of inanimate things as though they were animate: for example302    Text, ὡς τό. N. καὶ τὸ ἀνάπαλιν., The sea saw it and fled: Jordan was driven back303    Ps. cxiv. 3.. And again, What ailed thee, O thou sea, that thou fleddest? thou, O Jordan, that thou was driven back304    Ibid. 5.? Mountains, too, and hills are asked the reason of their leaping in the same way as we are wont to say, the city was gathered together, when we do not mean the buildings, but the inhabitants of the city: again, the heavens declare the glory of God305    Ibid. xix. 1., does not mean that they send forth a voice that can be heard by bodily ears, but that from their own greatness they bring before our minds the power of the Creator: and when we contemplate their beauty we praise the Maker as the Master-Craftsman306    Basil, Hom. 1 and 3, in Hexaëmeron..

Περὶ οὐρανοῦ

Οὐρανός ἐστι περιοχὴ ὁρατῶν τε καὶ ἀοράτων κτισμάτων: ἐντὸς γὰρ αὐτοῦ αἵ τε νοεραὶ τῶν ἀγγέλων δυνάμεις καὶ πάντα τὰ αἰσθητὰ περικλείονται καὶ περιορίζονται. Μόνον δὲ τὸ θεῖον ἀπερίγραπτόν ἐστι πάντα πληροῦν καὶ πάντα περιέχον καὶ πάντα περιορίζον ὡς ὑπὲρ πάντα ὂν καὶ πάντα δημιουργῆσαν.

Ἐπεὶ τοίνυν οὐρανόν φησιν ἡ γραφὴ καὶ «οὐρανὸν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ» καὶ «οὐρανοὺς οὐρανῶν» καὶ «ἕως τρίτου οὐρανοῦ» ὁ μακάριος Παῦλος ἡρπάχθαι φησί, λέγομεν, ὅτι ἐν τῇ τοῦ παντὸς κοσμογενείᾳ οὐρανοῦ ποίησιν παρελάβομεν, ὃν οἱ τῶν ἔξω σοφοὶ ἄναστρον σφαῖράν φασι τὰ Μωσέως σφετερισάμενοι δόγματα. Ἔτι δὲ καὶ τὸ στερέωμα ἐκάλεσεν ὁ θεὸς οὐρανόν, ὃν ἐν μέσῳ τοῦ ὕδατος γενέσθαι προσέταξεν τάξας αὐτὸν διαχωρίζειν ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ ὕδατος τοῦ ἐπάνω τοῦ στερεώματος καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ ὕδατος τοῦ ὑποκάτω τοῦ στερεώματος. Τούτου τὴν φύσιν ὁ θεῖος Βασίλειος λεπτήν φησιν ὡσεὶ καπνὸν ἐκ τῆς θείας μεμυημένος γραφῆς. Ἕτεροι δὲ ὑδατώδη ὡς ἐν μέσῳ τῶν ὑδάτων γενόμενον, ἄλλοι ἐκ τῶν τεσσάρων στοιχείων, ἄλλοι πέμπτον σῶμα καὶ ἕτερον παρὰ τὰ τέσσαρα.

Τινὲς μὲν οὖν ἐδόξασαν κύκλῳ τὸ πᾶν περιέχειν τὸν οὐρανὸν σφαιροειδῆ τε ὑπάρχειν καὶ πανταχόθεν τὸ ἀνώτατον μέρος αὐτὸν εἶναι, τὸ δὲ μεσώτατον τοῦ περιεχομένου ὑπ' αὐτοῦ τόπου εἶναι κατώτερον μέρος, καὶ τὰ μὲν κοῦφα καὶ ἐλαφρὰ τῶν σωμάτων τὴν ἄνω τάξιν λαχεῖν παρὰ τοῦ δημιουργοῦ, τὰ δὲ βαρέα καὶ κατωφερῆ τὴν κατωτέραν χώραν, ἥτις ἐστὶν ἡ μέση. Ἔστι μὲν οὖν κουφότερον καὶ ἀνωφερέστερον στοιχεῖον τὸ πῦρ, ὅπερ δὴ μετὰ τὸν οὐρανὸν εὐθέως τετάχθαι φασί: τοῦτον δὲ λέγουσιν τὸν αἰθέρα, μεθ' ὃν κατώτερον τὸν ἀέρα. Τὴν δὲ γῆν καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ ὡς βαρύτερα καὶ κατωφερέστερα ἐν τῷ μεσωτάτῳ κρέμασθαι: ὡς εἶναι ἐξ ἐναντίας κάτω μὲν τὴν γῆν καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ_τὸ δὲ ὕδωρ κουφότερον τῆς γῆς, ὅθεν καὶ εὐκινητότερον αὐτῆς ὑπάρχει_, ἄνωθεν δὲ πανταχόθεν ὡς περιβόλαιον κύκλῳ τὸν ἀέρα καὶ περὶ τὸν ἀέρα πανταχόθεν τὸν αἰθέρα, ἔξωθεν δὲ πάντων κύκλῳ τὸν οὐρανόν.

Κυκλικῶς δέ φασι κινεῖσθαι τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ συσφίγγειν τὰ ἐντὸς καὶ οὕτω μένειν πάγια καὶ ἀδιάπτωτα.

Ἑπτὰ δὲ ζώνας φασὶ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, μίαν τῆς ἑτέρας ὑψηλοτέραν. Λέγουσι δὲ αὐτὸν λεπτοτάτης φύσεως ὡσεὶ καπνὸν καὶ καθ' ἑκάστην ζώνην εἶναι ἕνα τῶν πλανητῶν: ἑπτὰ γὰρ πλανήτας εἶναι ἔφησαν, Ἥλιον, Σελήνην, Δία, Ἑρμῆν, Ἄρεα, Ἀφροδίτην καὶ Κρόνον. Ἀφροδίτην δέ φασι τὸν ποτὲ μὲν Ἑωσφόρον, ποτὲ δὲ Ἕσπερον γινόμενον. Πλανήτας δὲ τούτους ἐκάλεσαν, ὅτιπερ ἐναντίως τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ποιοῦνται τὴν κίνησιν: τοῦ γὰρ οὐρανοῦ καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν ἀστέρων ἐξ ἀνατολῆς ἐπὶ δυσμὰς κινουμένων οὗτοι μόνοι ἀπὸ δυσμῶν ἐπὶ ἀνατολὰς τὴν κίνησιν ἔχουσι. Καὶ τοῦτο γνωσόμεθα ἐκ τῆς σελήνης μικρὸν καθ' ἑσπέραν ἀναποδιζούσης.

Ὅσοι τοίνυν ἔφησαν σφαιροειδῆ τὸν οὐρανόν, ἴσως λέγουσιν ἀφίστασθαι αὐτὸν καὶ ἀπέχειν τῆς γῆς, ἄνωθέν τε καὶ ἐκ πλαγίων καὶ κάτωθεν. Κάτωθεν δὲ καὶ ἐκ πλαγίων φημί, ὅσον πρὸς τὴν ἡμετέραν αἴσθησιν, ἐπεὶ κατὰ τὸν τῆς ἀκολουθίας λόγον πανταχόθεν τὸν ἄνω τόπον ὁ οὐρανὸς ἐπέχει καὶ ἡ γῆ τὸν κάτω. Καί φασι τὸν οὐρανὸν σφαιροειδῶς κυκλοῦν τὴν γῆν καὶ συμπεριφέρειν τῇ ὀξυτάτῃ κινήσει αὐτοῦ ἥλιόν τε καὶ σελήνην καὶ τοὺς ἀστέρας, καὶ ὑπὲρ μὲν γῆν ὄντος τοῦ ἡλίου ἡμέραν γίνεσθαι ἐνταῦθα, ὑπὸ δὲ τὴν γῆν νύκτα: ὑπὸ δὲ γῆν κατιόντος ἡλίου ἐνταῦθα μὲν νύκτα, ἐκεῖσε δὲ ἡμέραν.

Ἕτεροι δὲ ἡμισφαίριον τὸν οὐρανὸν ἐφαντάσθησαν ἐκ τοῦ τὸν θεηγόρον Δαυὶδ λέγειν: «Ὁ ἐκτείνων τὸν οὐρανὸν ὡσεὶ δέρριν», ὅπερ δηλοῖ τὴν σκηνήν, καὶ τὸν μακάριον Ἡσαΐαν: «Ὁ στήσας τὸν οὐρανὸν ὡσεὶ καμάραν», καὶ ὅτι δύνων ὅ τε ἥλιος καὶ ἡ σελήνη καὶ τὰ ἄστρα κυκλοῖ τὴν γῆν ἀπὸ δύσεως ἐπὶ βορρᾶν καὶ οὕτω πάλιν ἐπὶ τὴν ἀνατολὴν ἀφικνεῖται. Ὅμως, εἴτε οὕτως, εἴτε ἐκείνως, ἅπαντα τῷ θείῳ προστάγματι γέγονέ τε καὶ ἥδρασται καὶ τὸ θεῖον θέλημά τε καὶ βούλημα θεμέλιον ἀσάλευτον κέκτηται. «Αὐτὸς γὰρ εἶπε, καὶ ἐγενήθησαν: αὐτὸς ἐνετείλατο, καὶ ἐκτίσθησαν. Ἔστησεν αὐτὰ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα καὶ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα τοῦ αἰῶνος: πρόσταγμα ἔθετο, καὶ οὐ παρελεύσεται».

Ἔστι μὲν οὖν οὐρανὸς τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ὁ πρῶτος οὐρανός, ἐπάνω ὑπάρχων τοῦ στερεώματος. Ἰδοὺ δύο οὐρανοί: «καὶ τὸ στερέωμα γὰρ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ θεὸς οὐρανόν». Σύνηθες δὲ τῇ θείᾳ γραφῇ καὶ τὸν ἀέρα οὐρανὸν καλεῖν διὰ τὸ ὁρᾶσθαι ἄνω. «Εὐλογεῖτε» γάρ, φησί, «πάντα τὰ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ», τοῦ ἀέρος λέγω. Ὁ ἀὴρ γὰρ τῶν πετεινῶν ἐστι πορεία, καὶ οὐχ ὁ οὐρανός. Ἰδοὺ τρεῖς οὐρανοί, οὓς ὁ θεῖος ἔφη ἀπόστολος. Εἰ δὲ καὶ τὰς ἑπτὰ ζώνας ἑπτὰ οὐρανοὺς ἐκλαβεῖν θελήσειας, οὐδὲν τῷ λόγῳ τῆς ἀληθείας λυμαίνεται. Σύνηθες δὲ καὶ τῇ Ἑβραΐδι φωνῇ τὸν οὐρανὸν πληθυντικῶς καλεῖν οὐρανούς. Οὐρανὸν οὐρανοῦ βουλομένη εἰπεῖν οὐρανοὺς οὐρανῶν ἔφησεν, ὅπερ δηλοῖ οὐρανὸν οὐρανοῦ τὸν ἐπάνω τοῦ στερεώματος, καὶ τὰ ὕδατα δὲ τὰ ἐπάνω τῶν οὐρανῶν ἢ τοῦ ἀέρος καὶ τοῦ στερεώματος ἢ τῶν ἑπτὰ ζωνῶν τοῦ στερεώματος ἢ τοῦ στερεώματος τῇ συνηθείᾳ τῆς Ἑβραΐδος πληθυντικῶς οὐρανῶν ὀνομαζομένου.

Πάντα μὲν οὖν τὰ κατὰ γένεσιν ὑπόκειται φθορᾷ κατὰ τὴν τῆς φύσεως ἀκολουθίαν, καὶ οἱ οὐρανοί, χάριτι δὲ θεοῦ συνέχονταί τε καὶ συντηροῦνται. Μόνον δὲ τὸ θεῖον ἄναρχόν τε φύσει καὶ ἀτελεύτητον. Διὸ καὶ εἴρηται: «Αὐτοὶ ἀπολοῦνται, σὺ δὲ διαμένεις» (ὅμως οὐκ εἰς τὸ παντελὲς ἀφανισθήσονται οἱ οὐρανοί): «παλαιωθήσονται μὲν γὰρ καὶ ὡσεὶ περιβόλαιον εἱλιγήσονται καὶ ἀλλαγήσονται» καὶ «ἔσται οὐρανὸς καινὸς καὶ γῆ καινή».

Πολλῷ δὲ τῷ μέτρῳ ὁ οὐρανὸς μείζων ὑπάρχει τῆς γῆς. Τὴν μέντοι οὐσίαν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ οὐ δεῖ ζητεῖν ἄγνωστον ἡμῖν οὖσαν.

Μηδεὶς δὲ ἐψυχωμένους τοὺς οὐρανοὺς ἢ τοὺς φωστῆρας ὑπολαμβανέτω: ἄψυχοι γάρ εἰσι καὶ ἀναίσθητοι. Ὥστε εἰ καί φησιν ἡ θεία γραφή: «Εὐφραινέσθωσαν οἱ οὐρανοί, καὶ ἀγαλλιάσθω ἡ γῆ», τοὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ἀγγέλους καὶ τοὺς ἐν τῇ γῇ ἀνθρώπους πρὸς εὐφροσύνην καλεῖ: οἶδε δὲ ἡ γραφὴ καὶ προσωποποιεῖν, καὶ ὡς ἐπὶ ἐμψύχων περὶ τῶν ἀψύχων διαλέγεσθαι, ὡς τὸ «ἡ θάλασσα εἶδε καὶ ἔφυγεν, ὁ Ἰορδάνης ἐστράφη εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω», καὶ «τί σοί ἐστι, θάλασσα, ὅτι ἔφυγες»; καὶ ὄρη καὶ βουνοὶ ἐρωτῶνται λόγους σκιρτήσεως, ὥσπερ καὶ ἡμῖν σύνηθες λέγειν: συνήχθη ἡ πόλις, οὐ τὰς οἰκοδομὰς σημαίνειν βουλομένοις, ἀλλὰ τοὺς τῆς πόλεως οἰκήτορας: καὶ «οἱ οὐρανοὶ διηγοῦνται δόξαν θεοῦ», οὐ φωνὴν ὠσὶν αἰσθητοῖς ἀκουομένην ἀφιέντες, ἀλλ' ἐκ τοῦ οἰκείου μεγέθους τὴν τοῦ δημιουργοῦ δύναμιν ἡμῖν παριστάνοντες, ὧν τὸ κάλλος κατανοοῦντες τὸν ποιητὴν ὡς ἀριστοτέχνην δοξάζομεν.