John of Damascus, The Fount of Knowledge III: On the Orthodox Faith

There are pleasures of the soul and pleasures of the body. The pleasures of the soul are those which are the exclusive possession of the soul, such as the pleasures of learning and contemplation. The pleasures of the body, however, are those which are enjoyed by soul and body in fellowship, and hence are called bodily pleasures: and such are the pleasures of food and intercourse and the like. But one could not find any class of pleasures413 Reading, οὐκ ἂν εὕροι τις ἰδίας ἡδονάς. belonging solely to the body414 Nemes., ch. 18: Chrys., Hom. in Joan., 74..

Again, some pleasures are true, others false. And the exclusively intellectual pleasures consist in knowledge and contemplation, while the pleasures of the body depend upon sensation. Further, of bodily pleasures415 See Chrysostom, Hom. in Joannem, 74; Cicero, De fin. bon. et mal., 1., some are both natural and necessary, in the absence of which life is impossible, for example the pleasures of food which replenishes waste, and the pleasures of necessary clothing. Others are natural but not necessary, as the pleasures of natural and lawful intercourse. For though the function that these perform is to secure the permanence of the race as a whole, it is still possible to live a virgin life apart from them. Others, however, are neither natural nor necessary, such as drunkenness, lust, and surfeiting to excess. For these contribute neither to the maintenance of our own lives nor to the succession of the race, but on the contrary, are rather even a hindrance. He therefore that would live a life acceptable to God must follow after those pleasures which are both natural and necessary: and must give a secondary place to those which are natural but not necessary, and enjoy them only in fitting season, and manner, and measure; while the others must be altogether renounced.

Those then are to be considered moral416 καλάς, honourable, good. pleasures which are not bound up with pain, and bring no cause for repentance, and result in no other harm and keep417 Text, χωρούσας. Variant, παραχωρούσας. within the bounds of moderation, and do not draw us far away from serious occupations, nor make slaves of us.

Περὶ ἡδονῶν

Τῶν ἡδονῶν αἱ μέν εἰσι ψυχικαί, αἱ δὲ σωματικαί. Καὶ ψυχικαὶ μέν, ὅσαι μόνης εἰσὶ τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς καθ' αὑτὴν ὡς αἱ περὶ τὰ μαθήματα καὶ τὴν θεωρίαν. Σωματικαὶ δὲ αἱ μετὰ κοινωνίας τῆς ψυχῆς καὶ τοῦ σώματος γινόμεναι καὶ διὰ τοῦτο σωματικαὶ καλούμεναι ὡς αἱ περὶ τροφὰς καὶ συνουσίας καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα. Μόνου δὲ τοῦ σώματος οὐκ ἂν εὕροι τις ἡδονάς.

Πάλιν τῶν ἡδονῶν αἱ μέν εἰσιν ἀληθεῖς, αἱ δὲ ψευδεῖς, καὶ αἱ μὲν τῆς διανοίας μόνης κατ' ἐπιστήμην καὶ θεωρίαν, αἱ δὲ μετὰ σώματος κατ' αἴσθησιν. Καὶ τῶν μετὰ σώματος ἡδονῶν αἱ μέν εἰσι φυσικαὶ ἅμα καὶ ἀναγκαῖαι, ὧν χωρὶς ζῆν ἀδύνατον, ὡς αἱ τροφαὶ τῆς ἐνδείας ἀναπληρωτικαὶ καὶ τὰ ἐνδύματα ἀναγκαῖα, αἱ δὲ φυσικαὶ μέν, οὐκ ἀναγκαῖαι δέ, ὡς αἱ κατὰ φύσιν καὶ κατὰ νόμον μίξεις (αὗται γὰρ εἰς μὲν τὴν διαμονὴν τοῦ παντὸς γένους συντελοῦσι, δυνατὸν δὲ καὶ χωρὶς αὐτῶν ἐν παρθενίᾳ ζῆν), αἱ δὲ οὔτε ἀναγκαῖαι οὔτε φυσικαὶ ὡς μέθη καὶ λαγνεία καὶ πλησμοναὶ τὴν χρείαν ὑπερβαίνουσαι: οὔτε γὰρ εἰς σύστασιν τῆς ζωῆς ἡμῶν συντελοῦσιν οὔτε εἰς διαδοχὴν τοῦ γένους, ἀλλὰ καὶ προσβλάπτουσιν. Τὸν τοίνυν κατὰ θεὸν ζῶντα δεῖ μετέρχεσθαι τὰς ἀναγκαίας ἅμα καὶ φυσικάς, ἐν δευτέρᾳ δὲ τάξει τὰς φυσικὰς καὶ οὐκ ἀναγκαίας τίθεσθαι μετὰ τοῦ προσήκοντος καιροῦ καὶ τρόπου καὶ μέτρου γινομένας, τὰς δὲ ἄλλας χρὴ πάντως παραιτεῖσθαι.

Καλὰς δὲ ἡδονὰς χρὴ ἡγεῖσθαι τὰς μὴ συμπεπλεγμένας λύπῃ μήτε μεταμέλειαν ἐμποιούσας μηδὲ ἑτέρας βλάβης γεννητικάς, μήτε τοῦ μέτρου πέρα χωρούσας μήτε τῶν σπουδαίων ἔργων ἡμᾶς ἀφελκούσας ἐπὶ πολὺ ἢ καταδουλούσας.