John of Damascus, The Fount of Knowledge III: On the Orthodox Faith

We confess799 Cf. Greg. Nyss., Contr. Apoll.; Leont., De Sect., Act. 10; Anastas., Hodegus, 13. &c., then, that He assumed all the natural and innocent passions of man. For He assumed the whole man and all man’s attributes save sin. For that is not natural, nor is it implanted in us by the Creator, but arises voluntarily in our mode of life as the result of a further implantation by the devil, though it cannot prevail over us by force. For the natural and innocent passions are those which are not in our power, but which have entered into the life of man owing to the condemnation by reason of the transgression; such as hunger, thirst, weariness, labour, the tears, the corruption, the shrinking from death, the fear, the agony with the bloody sweat, the succour at the hands of angels because of the weakness of the nature, and other such like passions which belong by nature to every man.

All, then, He assumed that He might sanctify all. He was tried and overcame in order that He might prepare victory for us and give to nature power to overcome its antagonist, in order that nature which was overcome of old might overcome its former conqueror by the very weapons wherewith it had itself been overcome.

The wicked one800 Cf. Athanas., De Salut.Adventu Christi., then, made his assault from without, not by thoughts prompted inwardly, just as it was with Adam. For it was not by inward thoughts, but by the serpent that Adam was assailed. But the Lord repulsed the assault and dispelled it like vapour, in order that the passions which assailed him and were overcome might be easily subdued by us, and that the new Adam should save the old.

Of a truth our natural passions were in harmony with nature and above nature in Christ. For they were stirred in Him after a natural manner when He permitted the flesh to suffer what was proper to it: but they were above nature because that which was natural did not in the Lord assume command over the will. For no compulsion is contemplated in Him but all is voluntary. For it was with His will that He hungered and thirsted and feared and died.

Περὶ τῶν φυσικῶν καὶ ἀδιαβλήτων παθῶν

Ὁμολογοῦμεν δέ, ὅτι πάντα τὰ φυσικὰ καὶ ἀδιάβλητα πάθη τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἀνέλαβεν. Ὅλον γὰρ τὸν ἄνθρωπον καὶ πάντα τὰ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἀνέλαβε πλὴν τῆς ἁμαρτίας: αὕτη γὰρ οὐ φυσική ἐστιν οὐδὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ δημιουργοῦ ἡμῖν ἐνσπαρεῖσα, ἀλλ' ἐκ τῆς τοῦ διαβόλου ἐπισπορᾶς ἐν τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ αὐτεξουσίῳ προαιρέσει ἑκουσίως συνισταμένη, οὐ βίᾳ ἡμῶν κρατοῦσα. Φυσικὰ δὲ καὶ ἀδιάβλητα πάθη εἰσὶ τὰ οὐκ ἐφ' ἡμῖν, ὅσα ἐκ τῆς ἐπὶ τῇ παραβάσει κατακρίσεως εἰς τὸν ἀνθρώπινον εἰσῆλθε βίον: οἷον πεῖνα, δίψα, κόπος, πόνος, τὸ δάκρυον, ἡ φθορά, ἡ τοῦ θανάτου παραίτησις, ἡ δειλία, ἡ ἀγωνία (ἐξ ἧς οἱ ἱδρῶτες, οἱ θρόμβοι τοῦ αἵματος), ἡ διὰ τὸ ἀσθενὲς τῆς φύσεως ὑπὸ τῶν ἀγγέλων βοήθεια καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα, ἅτινα πᾶσι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις φυσικῶς ἐνυπάρχουσι.

Πάντα τοίνυν ἀνέλαβεν, ἵνα πάντα ἁγιάσῃ. Ἐπειράσθη καὶ ἐνίκησεν, ἵνα ἡμῖν τὴν νίκην πραγματεύσηται καὶ δῷ τῇ φύσει δύναμιν νικᾶν τὸν ἀντίπαλον, ἵνα ἡ φύσις ἡ πάλαι νικηθεῖσα, δι' ὧν προσβολῶν ἐνικήθη, διὰ τούτων νικήσῃ τὸν πάλαι νικήσαντα.

Ὁ μὲν οὖν πονηρὸς ἔξωθεν προσέβαλεν οὐ διὰ λογισμῶν ὥσπερ καὶ τῷ Ἀδάμ: κἀκείνῳ γὰρ οὐ διὰ λογισμῶν, ἀλλὰ διὰ τοῦ ὄφεως. Ὁ δὲ κύριος τὴν προσβολὴν ἀπεκρούσατο καὶ ὡς καπνὸν διέλυσεν, ἵνα προσβαλόντα αὐτῷ τὰ πάθη καὶ νικηθέντα καὶ ἡμῖν εὐκαταγώνιστα γένηται καὶ οὕτως ὁ νέος Ἀδὰμ τὸν παλαιὸν ἀνασώσηται.

Ἀμέλει τὰ φυσικὰ ἡμῶν πάθη κατὰ φύσιν καὶ ὑπὲρ φύσιν ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Χριστῷ. Κατὰ φύσιν μὲν γὰρ ἐκινεῖτο ἐν αὐτῷ, ὅτε παρεχώρει τῇ σαρκὶ πάσχειν τὰ ἴδια: ὑπὲρ φύσιν δέ, οὐ γὰρ προηγεῖτο ἐν τῷ κυρίῳ τῆς θελήσεως τὰ φυσικά: οὐδὲν γὰρ ἠναγκασμένον ἐπ' αὐτοῦ θεωρεῖται, ἀλλὰ πάντα ἑκούσια: θέλων γὰρ ἐπείνασε, θέλων ἐδίψησε, θέλων ἐδειλίασε, θέλων ἀπέθανεν.