Chapter XXIII.—Against the Jews on the question of the Sabbath.

The seventh day is called the Sabbath and signifies rest. For in it God rested from all His works1234    Gen. ii. 2., as the divine Scripture says: and so the number of the days goes up to seven and then circles back again and begins at the first. This is the precious number with the Jews, God having ordained that it should be held in honour, and that in no chance fashion but with the imposition of most heavy penalties for the transgression1235    Ex. xiii. 6; Num. xv. 35.. And it was not in a simple fashion that He ordained this, but for certain reasons understood mystically by the spiritual and clear-sighted1236    Greg. Naz., Orat. 44..

So far, indeed, as I in my ignorance know, to begin with inferior and more dense things, God, knowing the denseness of the Israelites and their carnal love and propensity towards matter in everything, made this law: first, in order that the servant and the cattle should rest1237    Deut. v. 14.as it is written, for the righteous man regardeth the life of his beast1238    Prov. xii. 10.: next, in order that when they take their ease from the distraction of material things, they may gather together unto God, spending the whole of the seventh day in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs and the study of the divine Scriptures and resting in God. For when1239    Epiph., Exp. Fid., n. 22. the law did not exist and there was no divinely-inspired Scripture, the Sabbath was not consecrated to God. But when the divinely-inspired Scripture was given by Moses, the Sabbath was consecrated to God in order that on it they, who do not dedicate their whole life to God, and who do not make their desire subservient to the Master as though to a Father, but are like foolish servants, may on that day talk much concerning the exercise of it, and may abstract a small, truly a most insignificant, portion of their life for the service of God, and this from fear of the chastisements and punishments which threaten transgressors. For the law is not made for a righteous man but for the unrighteous1240    1 Tim. i. 9.. Moses, of a truth, was the first to abide fasting with God for forty days and again for another forty1241    Ex. xxiv. 18; xxxiv. 28., and thus doubtless to afflict himself with hunger on the Sabbaths although the law forbade self-affliction on the Sabbath. But if they should object that this took place before the law, what will they say about Elias the Thesbite who accomplished a journey of forty days on one meal1242    1 Kings xix. 8.? For he, by thus afflicting himself on the Sabbaths not only with hunger but with the forty days’ journeying, broke the Sabbath: and yet God, Who gave the law, was not wroth with him but shewed Himself to him on Choreb as a reward for his virtue. And what will they say about Daniel? Did he not spend three weeks without food1243    Dan. x. 2.? And again, did not all Israel circumcise the child on the Sabbath, if it happened to be the eighth day after birth1244    Gen. xvii. 12.? And do they not hold the great fast which the law enjoins if it falls on the Sabbath1245    Lev. xvi. 31.? And further, do not the priests and the Levites profane the Sabbath in the works of the tabernacle1246    St. Matt. xii. 5. and yet are held blameless? Yea, if an ox should fall into a pit on the Sabbath, he who draws it forth is blameless, while he who neglects to do so is condemned1247    Epiph., Hæres. 30, n. 32, et Hær. n. 82 seqq: Athan., Hom. circum. et Sabb.. And did not all the Israelites compass the walls of Jericho bearing the Ark of God for seven days, in which assuredly the Sabbath was included1248    Josh. iii..

As I said1249    Ath. loc. cit., therefore, for the purpose of securing leisure to worship God in order that they might, both servant and beast of burden, devote a very small share to Him and be at rest, the observance of the Sabbath was devised for the carnal that were still childish and in the bonds of the elements of the world1250    Gal. iv. 3., and unable to conceive of anything beyond the body and the letter. But when the fulness of the time was come, God sent forth His Only-begotten Son, made of a woman, made under the law, to redeem them that were under the law that we might receive the adoption of sons1251    Ibid. 4, 5.. For to as many of us as received Him, He gave power to become sons of God, even to them that believe on Him1252    St. John i. 12.. So that we are no longer servants but sons1253    Gal. iv. 7.: no longer under the law but under grace: no longer do we serve God in part from fear, but we are bound to dedicate to Him the whole span of our life, and cause that servant, I mean wrath and desire, to cease from sin and bid it devote itself to the service of God, always directing our whole desire towards God and arming our wrath against the enemies of God: and likewise we hinder that beast of burden, that is the body, from the servitude of sin, and urge it forwards to assist to the uttermost the divine precepts.

These are the things which the spiritual law of Christ enjoins on us and those who observe that become superior to the law of Moses. For when that which is perfect is come, then that which is in part shall be done away1254    1 Cor. xiii. 10.: and when the covering of the law, that is, the veil, is rent asunder through the crucifixion of the Saviour, and the Spirit shines forth with tongues of fire, the letter shall be done away with, bodily things shall come to an end, the law of servitude shall be fulfilled, and the law of liberty be bestowed on us. Yea1255    Athan., loc. cit. we shall celebrate the perfect rest of human nature, I mean the day after the resurrection, on which the Lord Jesus, the Author of Life and our Saviour, shall lead us into the heritage promised to those who serve God in the spirit, a heritage into which He entered Himself as our forerunner after He rose from the dead, and whereon, the gates of Heaven being opened to Him, He took His seat in bodily form at the right hand of the Father, where those who keep the spiritual law shall also come.

What belongs to us1256    Ibid., therefore, who walk by the spirit and not by the letter, is the complete abandonment of carnal things, the spiritual service and communion with God. For circumcision is the abandonment of carnal pleasure and of whatever is superfluous and unnecessary. For the foreskin is nothing else than the skin which it superfluous to the organ of lust. And, indeed, every pleasure which does not arise from God nor is in God is superfluous to pleasure: and of that the foreskin is the type. The Sabbath, moreover, is the cessation from sin; so that both things happen to be one, and so both together, when observed by those who are spiritual, do not bring about any breach of the law at all.

Further, observe1257    Greg. Naz., Orat. 42. that the number seven denotes all the present time, as the most wise Solomon says, to give a portion to seven and also to eight1258    Eccl. xi. 2.. And David1259    Ps. xvi., the divine singer when he composed the eighth psalm, sang of the future restoration after the resurrection from the dead. Since the Law, therefore, enjoined that the seventh day should be spent in rest from carnal things and devoted to spiritual things, it was a mystic indication to the true Israelite who had a mind to see God, that he should through all time offer himself to God and rise higher than carnal things.

Κατὰ Ἰουδαίων περὶ τοῦ σαββάτου

Σάββατον ἡ ἑβδόμη ἡμέρα κέκληται, δηλοῖ δὲ τὴν κατάπαυσιν: ἐν αὐτῇ γὰρ κατέπαυσεν ὁ θεὸς ἀπὸ τῶν ἔργων αὐτοῦ, ὥς φησιν ἡ γραφή. Διὸ καὶ μέχρις ἑπτὰ ὁ τῶν ἡμερῶν ἀριθμὸς προβαίνων πάλιν ἀνακυκλοῦται καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς πρώτης ἄρχεται. Οὗτος ὁ ἀριθμὸς τίμιος παρὰ Ἰουδαίοις τοῦ θεοῦ προστάξαντος τιμᾶσθαι αὐτὸν οὐχ ὡς ἔτυχεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ μετὰ βαρυτάτων τῶν ἐπὶ τῇ παραβάσει ἐπιτιμίων. Οὐχ ἁπλῶς δὲ τοῦτο προσέταξεν, ἀλλὰ διά τινας μυστικῶς τοῖς πνευματικοῖς τε καὶ διορατικοῖς κατανοουμένας αἰτίας.

Ὡς ἐμὲ γοῦν γνῶναι τὸν ἀμαθῆ, ἵν' ἐκ τῶν κατωτέρων καὶ παχυτέρων ἄρξωμαι: Εἰδὼς ὁ θεὸς τὸ παχύ τε καὶ φιλόσαρκον καὶ πρὸς τὴν ὕλην ὅλως ἐπιρρεπὲς τοῦ Ἰσραηλίτου λαοῦ, ἅμα δὲ καὶ τὸ ἀδιάκριτον: πρῶτον μέν, ἵνα ὁ δοῦλος καὶ τὸ ὑποζύγιον ἀναπαύσηται, ὡς γέγραπται: ἐπειδὴ ἀνὴρ «δίκαιος οἰκτείρει ψυχὰς κτηνῶν αὐτοῦ», ἅμα δὲ ἵνα καὶ σχολὴν ἄγοντες ἐκ τοῦ περὶ τὴν ὕλην περισπασμοῦ πρὸς θεὸν συνάγωνται «ἐν ψαλμοῖς καὶ ὕμνοις καὶ ᾠδαῖς πνευματικαῖς» καὶ μελέτῃ τῶν θείων γραφῶν ἅπασαν τὴν ἑβδόμην ἀναλίσκοντες καὶ ἐν τῷ θεῷ καταπαύοντες. Ὅτε μὲν γὰρ οὐκ ἦν νόμος, οὐ γραφὴ θεόπνευστος, οὐδὲ τὸ σάββατον θεῷ ἀφιέρωτο. Ὅτε δὲ ἡ θεόπνευστος γραφὴ διὰ Μωσέως ἐδόθη, ἀφιερώθη τῷ θεῷ τὸ σάββατον, ὡς ἂν περὶ τὴν ταύτης μελέτην ἐν αὐτῷ ἀδολεσχήσωσιν οἱ μὴ πάντα τὸν βίον τῷ θεῷ ἀφιεροῦντες, οἱ μὴ πόθῳ τῷ δεσπότῃ ὡς πατρὶ δουλεύοντες, ἀλλ' ὡς δοῦλοι ἀγνώμονες κἂν μικρὸν καὶ ἐλάχιστον μέρος τῆς ἑαυτῶν ζωῆς τῷ θεῷ ἀποτέμωνται, καὶ τοῦτο φόβῳ τῶν ἐπὶ τῇ παραβάσει εὐθυνῶν καὶ ἐπιτιμήσεων: «δικαίῳ γὰρ νόμος οὐ κεῖται», ἀλλ' ἀδίκοις. Ἐπεὶ πρῶτος Μωσῆς τεσσαράκοντα ἡμερῶν καὶ αὖθις ἑτέρων τεσσαράκοντα νηστείᾳ προσεδρεύσας τῷ θεῷ, πάντως καὶ τοῖς σάββασι διὰ τῆς νηστείας ἐκάκου ἑαυτὸν τοῦ νόμου μὴ κακοῦν ἑαυτοὺς ἐν τῇ τοῦ σαββάτου ἡμέρᾳ προστάσσοντος. Εἰ δὲ φαῖεν, ὅτι πρὸ τοῦ νόμου τοῦτο, τί φήσουσι περὶ τοῦ Θεσβίτου Ἡλιοῦ τεσσαράκοντα ἡμερῶν ὁδὸν ἀνύσαντος ἐν βρώσει μιᾷ; Οὗτος γὰρ οὐ μόνον διὰ τῆς νηστείας, ἀλλὰ καὶ διὰ τῆς ὁδοιπορίας ἐν τοῖς σάββασι τῶν τεσσαράκοντα ἡμερῶν ἑαυτὸν κακώσας ἔλυσε τὸ σάββατον, καὶ οὐκ ὠργίσθη τούτῳ ὁ τὸν νόμον δεδωκώς, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὡς ἀρετῆς ἔπαθλον ἐν Χωρὴβ ἑαυτὸν ἐνεφάνισε. Τί δὲ περὶ Δανιὴλ φήσουσιν; Οὐχὶ τρεῖς ἑβδομάδας διετέλεσεν ἄσιτος; Τί δὲ πᾶς Ἰσραήλ; Οὐ περιτέμνει τὸ παιδίον ἐν σαββάτῳ, εἰ τύχοι, ὀκταήμερον; Οὐχὶ δὲ καὶ τὴν μεγάλην νηστείαν, ἣν νενομοθέτηνται, εἰ ἐν σαββάτῳ καταντήσοι, νηστεύουσι; Οὐχὶ δὲ καὶ οἱ ἱερεῖς καὶ οἱ Λευῖται ἐν τοῖς τῆς σκηνῆς ἔργοις βεβηλοῦσι τὸ σάββατον καὶ ἀναίτιοί εἰσιν; Ἀλλὰ καὶ κτῆνος, ἂν εἰς βόθρον ἐμπέσοι ἐν σαββάτῳ, ὁ μὲν ἀνασπάσας ἀναίτιος, ὁ δὲ παριδὼν κατάκριτος. Τί δὲ πᾶς Ἰσραήλ; οὐχὶ ἑπτὰ ἡμέρας τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ κιβωτὸν περιφέροντες τὰ Ἱεριχούντια τείχη περιῄεσαν, ἐν αἷς πάντως ἦν καὶ τὸ σάββατον;

Ὡς οὖν ἔφην, σχολῆς ἕνεκα τῆς πρὸς θεόν, ἵνα κἂν σμικροτάτην ἀπόμοιραν αὐτῷ ἀπονέμωσι καὶ ἀναπαύσωνται ὅ τε δοῦλος καὶ τὸ ὑποζύγιον, ἡ τοῦ σαββάτου τήρησις ἐπινενόητο τοῖς νηπίοις ἔτι καὶ ὑπὸ τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου δεδουλωμένοις, τοῖς σαρκικοῖς καὶ μηδὲν ὑπὲρ τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὸ γράμμα ἐννοῆσαι δυναμένοις. «Ὅτε δὲ ἦλθε τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου, ἐξαπέστειλεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ τὸν μονογενῆ, γενόμενον ἐκ γυναικὸς ἄνθρωπον, γενόμενον ὑπὸ νόμον, ἵνα τοὺς ὑπὸ νόμον ἐξαγοράσῃ, ἵνα τὴν υἱοθεσίαν ἀπολάβωμεν». Ὅσοι γὰρ ἐλάβομεν αὐτόν, ἔδωκεν ἡμῖν ἐξουσίαν τέκνα θεοῦ γενέσθαι, τοῖς πιστεύουσιν εἰς αὐτόν. Ὥστε οὐκέτι ἐσμὲν δοῦλοι ἀλλ' υἱοί, οὐκέτι ὑπὸ νόμον ἀλλ' ὑπὸ χάριν: οὐκέτι μερικῶς τῷ κυρίῳ δουλεύοντες ἐκ φόβου, ἀλλὰ πάντα τὸν τῆς ζωῆς χρόνον αὐτῷ ἀνατιθέναι ὀφείλοντες καὶ ἀεὶ τὸν δοῦλον, τὸν θυμὸν λέγω καὶ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν, ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας καταπαύοντες καὶ τῷ θεῷ σχολάζειν ἐπιτρέποντες: τὴν μὲν ἐπιθυμίαν ἅπασαν ἀεὶ πρὸς θεὸν ἀνατείνοντες, τὸν δὲ θυμὸν κατὰ τῶν τοῦ θεοῦ δυσμενῶν καθοπλίζοντες: καὶ τὸ ὑποζύγιον ἤτοι τὸ σῶμα ὁμοίως τῆς μὲν δουλείας τῆς ἁμαρτίας ἀναπαύοντες, ταῖς δὲ θείαις ἐντολαῖς ἐξυπηρετεῖσθαι προτρέποντες.

Ταῦτα ὁ πνευματικὸς ἡμῖν ἐντέλλεται τοῦ κυρίου νόμος, καὶ οἱ τοῦτον φυλάσσοντες ὑπέρτεροι τοῦ Μωσαϊκοῦ νόμου γεγόνασιν: ἐλθόντος γὰρ τοῦ τελείου τὸ ἐκ μέρους κατήργηται, καὶ τοῦ καλύμματος τοῦ νόμου ἤτοι τοῦ καταπετάσματος διὰ τῆς τοῦ σωτῆρος διαρραγέντος σταυρώσεως καὶ τοῦ πνεύματος πυρίναις γλώσσαις ἐκλάμψαντος τὸ γράμμα κατήργηται, τὰ σωματικὰ πέπαυται καὶ ὁ τῆς δουλείας νόμος πεπλήρωται καὶ νόμος ἐλευθερίας ἡμῖν δεδώρηται. Καὶ ἑορτάζομεν τὴν τελείαν τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως κατάπαυσιν, φημὶ δὴ τὴν τῆς ἀναστάσεως ἡμέραν, ἐν ᾗ ἡμᾶς ὁ κύριος Ἰησοῦς, ὁ τῆς ζωῆς ἀρχηγὸς καὶ σωτήρ, εἰς τὴν ἐπηγγελμένην τοῖς πνευματικῶς τῷ θεῷ λατρεύουσι κληρουχίαν εἰσήγαγεν, εἰς ἣν αὐτὸς πρόδρομος ἡμῶν εἰσῆλθεν, ἀναστὰς ἐκ νεκρῶν καὶ ἀνοιγέντων αὐτῷ τῶν οὐρανίων πυλῶν ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ πατρὸς κεκάθικε σωματικῶς, ἔνθα καὶ οἱ τὸν πνευματικὸν τηροῦντες νόμον εἰσελεύσονται.

Ἡμῖν τοίνυν τοῖς τῷ πνεύματι στοιχοῦσι καὶ οὐ τῷ γράμματι πᾶσα ἡ τῶν σαρκικῶν ἐστιν ἀπόθεσις καὶ ἡ πνευματικὴ λατρεία καὶ πρὸς θεὸν συνάφεια. Περιτομὴ μὲν γάρ ἐστιν ἡ τῆς σωματικῆς ἡδονῆς καὶ τῶν περιττῶν καὶ οὐκ ἀναγκαίων ἀπόθεσις: ἀκροβυστία γὰρ οὐδὲν ἕτερόν ἐστιν εἰ μὴ δέρμα, ἡδονικοῦ μορίου περίττωμα. Πᾶσα δὲ ἡδονὴ μὴ ἐκ θεοῦ καὶ ἐν θεῷ γινομένη περίττωμα ἡδονῆς ἐστιν: ἧς τύπος ἡ ἀκροβυστία. Σάββατον δὲ ἡ ἐκ τῆς ἁμαρτίας κατάπαυσις. Ὥστε ἀμφότερα ἓν τυγχάνουσι καὶ οὕτως ἀμφότερα ἅμα ὑπὸ τῶν πνευματικῶν τελούμενα, οὐδὲ τὴν τυχοῦσαν παρανομίαν ἐργάζονται.

Ἔτι δὲ ἰστέον, ὅτι ὁ ἑπτὰ ἀριθμὸς πάντα τὸν παρόντα χρόνον δηλοῖ, ὥς φησιν ὁ σοφώτατος Σολομῶν: «Δοῦναι μερίδα τοῖς ἑπτὰ καί γε τοῖς ὀκτώ». Καὶ ὁ θεηγόρος Δαυὶδ περὶ τῆς ὀγδόης ψάλλων περὶ τῆς μελλούσης μετὰ τὴν ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀνάστασιν καταστάσεως ἔψαλλε. Τὴν ἑβδόμην οὖν ἡμέραν ἀργίαν ἄγειν ἐκ τῶν σωματικῶν, τοῖς δὲ πνευματικοῖς ἐνασχολεῖσθαι προστάσσων ὁ νόμος μυστικῶς πάντα τὸν χρόνον τῷ ἀληθινῷ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ νοῦν ὁρῶντα θεὸν ἔχοντι ὑπέφηνε τῷ θεῷ ἑαυτὸν προσάγειν καὶ ὑπεράνω τῶν σωματικῶν γίνεσθαι.