§27. He falsely imagines that the same energies produce the same works, and that variation in the works indicates variation in the energies.

Of the same strain is that which he adds in the next paragraph; “the same energies producing sameness of works, and different works indicating difference in the energies as well.” Finely and irresistibly does this noble thinker plead for his doctrine. “The same energies produce sameness of works.” Let us test this by facts. The energy of fire is always one and the same; it consists in heating: but what sort of agreement do its results show? Bronze melts in it; mud hardens; wax vanishes: while all other animals are destroyed by it, the salamander is preserved alive99    is preserved alive; ξωογονεῖται. This is the LXX., not the classical use, of the word. Cf. Exod. i. 17; Judges viii. 19, &c. It is reproduced in the speech of S. Stephen, Acts vii. 19: cf. Luke xvii. 33, “shall preserve (his life).”; tow burns, asbestos is washed by the flames as if by water; so much for his ‘sameness of works from one and the same energy.’ How too about the sun? Is not his power of warming always the same; and yet while he causes one plant to grow, he withers another, varying the results of his operation in accordance with the latent force of each. ‘That on the rock’ withers; ‘that in deep earth’ yields an hundredfold. Investigate Nature’s work, and you will learn, in the case of those bodies which she produces artistically, the amount of accuracy there is in his statement that ‘sameness of energy effects sameness of result.’ One single operation is the cause of conception, but the composition of that which is effected internally therein is so varied that it would be difficult for any one even to count all the various qualities of the body. Again, imbibing the milk is one single operation on the part of the infant, but the results of its being nourished so are too complex to be all detailed. While this food passes from the channel of the mouth into the secretory ducts100    ἀποκριτικοὺς, activè, so, the Medical writers. The Latin is ‘in meatus destinato descendit’ takes it passivè (ἀποκριτίκους)., the transforming power of Nature forwards it into the several parts proportionately to their wants; for by digestion she divides its sum total into the small change of multitudinous differences, and into supplies congenial to the subject matter with which she deals; so that the same milk goes to feed arteries, veins, brain and its membranes, marrow, bones, nerves101    νεῦρα. So since Galen’s time: not ‘tendon.’, sinews, tendons, flesh, surface, cartilages, fat, hair, nails, perspiration, vapours, phlegm, bile, and besides these, all useless superfluities deriving from the same source. You could not name either an organ, whether of motion or sensation, or anything else making up the body’s bulk, which was not formed (in spite of startling differences) from this one and selfsame operation of feeding. If one were to compare the mechanic arts too it will be seen what is the scientific value of his statement; for there we see in them all the same operation, I mean the movement of the hands; but what have the results in common? What has building a shrine to do with a coat, though manual labour is employed on both? The house-breaker and the well-digger both move their hands: the mining of the earth, the murder of a man are results of the motion of the hands. The soldier slays the foe, and the husbandman wields the fork which breaks the clod, with his hands. How, then, can this doctrinaire lay it down that the ‘same energies produce sameness of work?’ But even if we were to grant that this view of his had any truth in it, the essential union of the Son with the Father, and of the Holy Spirit with the Son, is yet again more fully proved. For if there existed any variation in their energies, so that the Son worked His will in a different manner to the Father, then (on the above supposition) it would be fair to conjecture, from this variation, a variation also in the beings which were the result of these varying energies. But if it is true that the manner of the Father’s working is likewise the manner always of the Son’s, both from our Lord’s own words and from what we should have expected a priori—(for the one is not unbodied while the other is embodied, the one is not from this material, the other from that, the one does not work his will in this time and place, the other in that time and place, nor is there difference of organs in them producing difference of result, but the sole movement of their wish and of their will is sufficient, seconded in the founding of the universe by the power that can create anything)—if, I say, it is true that in all respects the Father from Whom are all things, and the Son by Whom are all things in the actual form of their operation work alike, then how can this man hope to prove the essential difference between the Son and the Holy Ghost by any difference and separation between the working of the Son and the Father? The very opposite, as we have just seen, is proved to be the case102    Punctuating παρασκευάζεται, ἐπείδὴ, κ.τ.λ. instead of a full stop, as Oehler.; seeing that there is no manner of difference contemplated between the working of the Father and that of the Son; and so that there is no gulf whatever between the being of the Son and the being of the Spirit, is shewn by the identity of the power which gives them their subsistence; and our pamphleteer himself confirms this; for these are his words verbatim: “the same energies producing sameness of works.” If sameness of works is really produced by likeness of energies, and if (as they say) the Son is the work of the Father and the Spirit the work of the Son, the likeness in manner103    Gregory replaces ‘sameness’ (in the case of the energies in Eunomius argument) by ‘likeness’ since the Father and the Son could not be said to be the same, and their energies, therefore, are not identical but similar. of the Father’s and the Son’s energies will demonstrate the sameness of these beings who each result from them.

But he adds, “variation in the works indicates variation in the energies.” How, again, is this dictum of his corroborated by facts? Look, if you please, at plain instances. Is not the ‘energy’ of command, in Him who embodied the world and all things therein by His sole will, a single energy? “He spake and they were made. He commanded and they were created.” Was not the thing commanded in every case alike given existence: did not His single will suffice to give subsistence to the nonexistent? How, then, when such vast differences are seen coming from that one energy of command, can this man shut his eyes to realities, and declare that the difference of works indicates difference of energies? If our dogmatist insists on this, that difference of works implies difference of energies, then we should have expected the very contrary to that which is the case; viz., that everything in the world should be of one type. Can it be that he does see here a universal likeness, and detects unlikeness only between the Father and the Son?

Let him, then, observe, if he never did before, the dissimilarity amongst the elements of the world, and how each thing that goes to make up the framework of the whole hangs on to its natural opposite. Some objects are light and buoyant, others heavy and gravitating; some are always still, others always moving; and amongst these last some move unchangingly on one plan104    ἐπὶ τὸ ἓν., as the heaven, for instance, and the planets, whose courses all revolve the opposite way to the universe, others are transfused in all directions and rush at random, as air and sea for instance, and every substance which is naturally penetrating105    ὐγρᾶς.. What need to mention the contrasts seen between heat and cold, moist and dry, high and low position? As for the numerous dissimilarities amongst animals and plants, on the score of figure and size, and all the variations of their products and their qualities, the human mind would fail to follow them.

Οἷα δὲ τοῖς εἰρημένοις ἐπάγει καὶ τὰ ἀκόλουθα. « ἅτε », φησί, « τῶν αὐτῶν ἐνεργειῶν τὴν ταὐτότητα τῶν ἔργων ἀποτελουσῶν, καὶ τῶν παρηλλαγμένων ἔργων παρηλλαγμένας καὶ τὰς ἐνεργείας ἀποφαινόντων ». καλῶς ὁ γεννάδας ἦλθεν ἐπὶ τὴν ἄμαχον συνηγορίαν τοῦ λόγου. « αἱ αὐταὶ ἐνέργειαι τὴν ταὐτότητα τῶν ἔργων ἀποτελοῦσι », φησίν. ἴδωμεν τοίνυν ἐπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων τὸν λόγον. μία τοῦ πυρὸς ἡ διὰ τοῦ θερμαίνειν ἐνέργεια, ἀλλὰ τὰ ἔργα οἵαν ἔχει τὴν συμφωνίαν ἐπισκεψώμεθα. τήκεται ὁ χαλκός, ὁ πηλὸς πήγνυται, ὁ κηρὸς ἀναλίσκεται, τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν ζῴων εἰ ἐν αὐτῷ γένοιτο φθείρεται, ἡ σαλαμάνδρα ζῳογονεῖται, τὸ στυππεῖον καίεται, τὸ ἀμίαντον ὥσπερ ἐν ὕδατι τῇ φλογὶ καταπλύνεται: τοσαύτη ἡ ταὐτότης τῶν ἔργων ἐκ τῆς μιᾶς ἐνεργείας. τί δὲ ὁ ἥλιος; ἆρ' οὐχὶ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς δυνάμεως ὁμοίως ἐπιθάλπων τὰ πάντα τὸ μέν τι τῶν φυτῶν ηὔξησε, τὸ δὲ κατεμάρανε, πρὸς τὴν ὑποκειμένην δύναμιν ὑπαλλάσσων τῆς ἐνεργείας τὸ τέλος; τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἐπὶ τῆς πέτρας ἐξήρανε, τὸ δὲ ἐκ τῆς βαθείας γῆς ἑκατοντάχουν ἐποίησεν. εἰ δὲ εἰσέλθοις εἰς τὰ τῆς φύσεως ἔργα καὶ ἴδοις ἐν τοῖς σώμασιν ὅσα φιλοτεχνοῦσα ἐργάζεται, μᾶλλον ἂν τὸ περιεσκεμμένον καταμάθοις τοῦ λέγοντος, ὅτι « ἡ αὐτὴ ἐνέργεια τὴν ταὐτότητα τῶν ἔργων ἀποτελεῖ ». μία ἐνέργεια τῆς συλλήψεώς ἐστιν ἡ αἰτία, ἀλλὰ τὸ σύγκριμα τοῦ ἔνδον οἰκονομουμένου πολυειδές, ὡς ἂν μὴ δυνηθῆναι ῥᾳδίως τινὰ τὴν διαφορὰν τῶν ἐν τῷ σώματι ποιοτήτων ἀπαριθμήσασθαι. μία πάλιν ἐνέργεια ἐπὶ τῶν νηπίων ἡ τοῦ γάλακτός ἐστιν ὁλκή, τὸ δὲ ποικίλον τῶν ἀποτελεσμάτων τῆς τοιαύτης τροφῆς τίς ἂν διεξέλθοι λόγος; ἡ μὲν γὰρ καθάπερ διὰ σωλῆνος ἐκ τοῦ στόματος ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀποκριτικοὺς διεξέρχεται πόρους, ἡ δὲ ἀλλοιωτικὴ τῆς φύσεως δύναμις ἑκάστῳ τῶν μελῶν καταλλήλως προσάγει τὸ γάλα, διὰ τῆς πέψεως εἰς μυρίας διαφορὰς τὴν τροφὴν κερματίζουσα καὶ τοῖς ὑποκειμένοις ὁμοφυὲς ἀπεργαζομένη τὸ ἑκάστῳ κατάλληλον. ἐκ γὰρ τῆς αὐτῆς τρέφονται βρώσεως ἀρτηρίαι φλέβες ἐγκέφαλος μήνιγγες μυελὸς ὀστᾶ νεῦρα σύνδεσμοι τένοντες σάρκες ἐπιφάνεια χόνδροι πιμελαὶ τρίχες ὄνυχες ἱδρῶτες ἀτμοὶ φλέγμα χολὴ καὶ ὅσα λοιπὰ περιττὰ καὶ ἀχρεῖα τῆς αὐτῆς αἰτίας ἐξῆπται. κἂν τὰ τῶν μελῶν εἴπῃς ὀνόματα τά τε ὀργανικὰ καὶ τὰ αἰσθητήρια καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα πληροῖ τὸν τοῦ σώματος ὄγκον, ἐκ μιᾶς καὶ τῆς αὐτῆς κατὰ τὴν τροφὴν ἐνεργείας εἰς τὰς τοσαύτας διαφορὰς ἀλλοιοῦται. εἰ δέ τις καὶ τὰς τέχνας ἀναλογίσαιτο, εὑρήσει καὶ διὰ τούτων τὸ κατεξητασμένον τοῦ δόγματος: μίαν γὰρ ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ τῶν διὰ χειρός τι ποιούντων ἐπὶ πάσης τέχνης ὁρῶμεν ἐνέργειαν, αὐτὴν λέγω τῆς χειρὸς τὴν κίνησιν, ἀλλὰ τίς ἡ κοινωνία τῶν ἀποτελεσμάτων, σκοπήσωμεν. τί κοινὸν ἔχει ναοῦ κατασκευὴ πρὸς ἱμάτιον, τῆς ἐν ἑκατέρῳ τέχνης κινήσει χειρὸς ἐνεργουμένης; κινεῖ τὴν χεῖρα καὶ ὁ τοιχωρύχος, κινεῖ καὶ ὁ φρεωρύχος, καὶ γῆ μεταλλεύεται καὶ φονεύεται ἄνθρωπος: κινήσεως χειρὸς ἔργα τὰ πάντα. ὅ τε γὰρ πολεμιστὴς ἐπὶ τῆς μάχης διὰ χειρὸς ἐνεργεῖ τὴν τῶν ἐναντίων σφαγήν, καὶ ὁ γεωπόνος πάλιν τῇ χειρὶ διὰ τῆς δικέλλης ἐπιθρύπτει τὴν βῶλον. πῶς οὖν ἡμῖν ὁ δογματιστὴς ἀποφαίνεται « τὰς αὐτὰς ἐνεργείας τὴν ταὐτότητα τῶν ἔργων ἀποτελεῖν »; ἐὰν δὲ δοθῇ τι καὶ ἀληθὲς ἔχειν τὰ εἰρημένα, πάλιν καὶ διὰ τούτου τὸ κατὰ τὴν οὐσίαν οἰκεῖον τοῦ τε υἱοῦ πρὸς τὸν πατέρα καὶ τοῦ πνεύματος πρὸς τὸν υἱὸν πλέον συνίσταται. εἰ μὲν γὰρ ἦν τις τῶν ἐνεργειῶν παραλλαγή, ὡς ἄλλως μὲν τοῦ πατρός, ἑτέρως δὲ τοῦ υἱοῦ τὸ δοκοῦν ἐργαζομένου, καλῶς εἶχεν ἐκ τοῦ παρηλλαγμένου τῶν ἐνεργειῶν καὶ τὸ τῆς ἐργασθείσης ὑφ' ἑκατέρου τούτων οὐσίας παρηλλαγμένον τεκμαίρεσθαι. εἰ δὲ ᾧ τρόπῳ ἐνεργεῖ ὁ πατήρ, πάντα καὶ ὁ υἱὸς ὁμοίως ποιεῖ, κατά τε τὴν αὐτοῦ τοῦ κυρίου φωνὴν καὶ κατὰ τὸν εἰκότα λόγον (οὐ γὰρ ὁ μὲν ἀσωμάτως, ὁ δὲ διὰ σώματος, οὐδὲ ἐκεῖνος μὲν ἐκ τῆσδε τῆς ὕλης, ἐκ δὲ τῆς ἑτέρας ὁ ἕτερος, οὐδὲ ἐν χρόνῳ οὐδὲ ἐν τόπῳ ἄλλος ἄλλῳ τὸ δοκοῦν κατεργάζεται, οὐδ' αἱ τῶν ὀργάνων διαφοραὶ τὸ παρηλλαγμένον κατασκευάζουσιν: ἀλλ' ἀρκεῖ μόνη θελήματος κίνησις καὶ προαιρέσεως ὁρμή, σύνδρομον ἔχουσα καὶ ἐπακολουθοῦσαν πρὸς τὴν τῶν ὄντων ὑπόστασιν τὴν ὑφιστῶσαν τὰ πάντα δύναμιν), καὶ ἐν πᾶσιν ὁμοίως ὁ πατὴρ ἐξ οὗ τὰ πάντα καὶ ὁ υἱὸς δι' οὗ τὰ πάντα κατὰ ταὐτὸ τῆς ἐνεργείας εἶδος ἐργάζονται, πῶς οὗτος τὴν κατὰ τὰς οὐσίας διαφορὰν ἐπὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ πνεύματος ἀποδεικνύειν οἴεται διὰ τοῦ παρηλλαγμένου τῆς τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ ἐνεργείας ἀπ' ἀλλήλων χωριζομένης; τοὐναντίον γάρ, καθὼς προέφην, κατασκευάζεται: ἐπειδὴ οὐδεὶς τρόπος τῆς τῶν ἐνεργειῶν παραλλαγῆς ἐν πατρὶ καὶ υἱῷ θεωρεῖται, καὶ τὸ μηδεμίαν ἐν ταῖς οὐσίαις τοῦ υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ πνεύματος εἶναι διάστασιν ἐν τῇ ταὐτότητι τῆς ὑποστησαμένης δυνάμεως ἐπιδείκνυται, καθὼς καὶ ἡ τοῦ λογογράφου μαρτυρία βεβαιοῖ τὸν λόγον οὕτως ἐπὶ λέξεως ἔχουσα: « ἅτε », φησί, « τῶν αὐτῶν ἐνεργειῶν τὴν ταὐτότητα τῶν ἔργων ἀποτελουσῶν ». ὥστε εἰ ταὐτότης ἐπιτελεῖται τῶν ἔργων ἐν τῇ τῶν ἐνεργειῶν ὁμοιότητι, ἔργον δὲ κατ' αὐτοὺς τοῦ μὲν πατρὸς ὁ υἱός, τούτου δὲ τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον, ἡ ὁμοιοτροπία τῆς τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ ἐνεργείας τὴν ταὐτότητα πάντως τῆς ἀποτελεσθείσης οὐσίας ἐνδείξεται.
Ἀλλὰ προστίθησι: « καὶ τῶν παρηλλαγμένων ἔργων παρηλλαγμένας καὶ τὰς ἐνεργείας ἐμφαινόντων ». πάλιν τοίνυν καὶ τοῦτο σκοπήσωμεν, τίνι τὸ ἰσχυρὸν ὁ λόγος ἔχει, καὶ εἰ δοκεῖ διὰ τῶν ἐναργῶν ὑποδειγμάτων ταῦτα κατανοήσωμεν. ἆρ' οὐχὶ μία ἐστὶν ἡ διὰ τοῦ προστάσσειν ἐνέργεια τοῦ πάντα τὸν κόσμον καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτῷ συστησαμένου διὰ μόνου θελήματος; Αὐτὸς γὰρ εἶπε καὶ ἐγενήθησαν, αὐτὸς ἐνετείλατο καὶ ἐκτίσθησαν. οὐκ ἐπὶ πάντων ὁμοίως οὐσιώθη τὸ πρόσταγμα καὶ ἤρκεσεν ἡ βούλησις μόνη τὸ μὴ ὂν ὑποστήσασθαι; πῶς οὖν ἐκ μιᾶς τῆς διὰ τοῦ προστάσσειν ἐνεργείας τοσαύτης τῆς διαφορᾶς καθορωμένης οὗτος ὥσπερ οὐχ ὁρῶν τὰ πράγματα τὴν τῶν ἔργων παραλλαγὴν τὸ παρηλλαγμένον τῆς ἐνεργείας ἐνδείκνυσθαι λέγει; τοὐναντίον γὰρ ἔδει μονοειδῆ πάντα τὰ ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ εἶναι, εἴπερ κατὰ τὸν δογματιστὴν τῷ διαλλάσσοντι τῶν ἔργων καὶ τὸ τῶν ἐνεργειῶν παρηλλαγμένον ἐμφαίνεται. ἢ ταῦτα ὅμοια πάντα βλέπει, ἐν μόνῳ δὲ τῷ πατρὶ καὶ τῷ υἱῷ ἐνθεωρεῖ τὸ ἀνόμοιον;
Οὐκοῦν ἐπισκεψάσθω νῦν, εἰ καὶ μὴ πρότερον, τὴν ἐν τοῖς στοιχείοις διαφορὰν καὶ ὡς ἕκαστον τῶν ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ πρὸς τὴν τοῦ παντὸς σύστασιν συντελούντων πρὸς τὸ ἐναντίον ἀπῆκται τῆς φύσεως. τὰ μὲν γὰρ κοῦφά τε καὶ ἀνωφερῆ πέφυκε, τὰ δὲ βαρέα καὶ εἰς τὸ κάτω βρίθοντα, καὶ τὰ μὲν ἀεὶ ἑστῶτα, τὰ δὲ διόλου κινούμενα, καὶ ἐν τοῖς κινουμένοις τὰ μὲν ἀπαράβατον ἐπὶ τὸ ἓν ἔχει τὴν κίνησιν, ὡς ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ τῶν ἀστέρων οἱ πλανώμενοι, οἷς ὁ δρόμος εἰς τὸ ἔμπαλιν τοῦ παντὸς ἀνελίσσεται, τὰ δὲ πανταχόθεν διαχεόμενα κατὰ τὸ συμβαῖνον ἀεὶ φέρεται, ὡς ὁ ἀὴρ καὶ ἡ θάλασσα καὶ ἡ πᾶσα τῆς ὑγρᾶς οὐσίας φύσις. τί δ' ἂν εἴποι τις τὴν τοῦ θερμοῦ πρὸς τὸ ψυχρὸν ἐναντίωσιν ἢ τοῦ ὑγροῦ τὴν πρὸς τὸ ξηρὸν διαφορὰν τοῦ τε ἄνω τὴν πρὸς τὸ κάτω διάστασιν; ὅσαι δὲ τῶν ζῴων αἱ κατὰ τὴν φύσιν ἀνομοιότητες, τὰς δὲ ἐν τοῖς φυτοῖς κατά τε τὰ σχήματα καὶ τὰ μεγέθη καὶ τὰς τῶν καρπῶν καὶ ποιοτήτων παραλλαγὰς τίς ἂν ἐπέλθοι λόγος ἀνθρώπινος;