Clement of Alexandria, The Stromata, or Miscellanies

As, then, God is not circumscribed by place, neither is ever represented by the form of a living creature; so neither has He similar passions, nor has He wants like the creatures, so as to desire sacrifice, from hunger, by way of food. Those creatures which are affected by passion are all mortal. And it is useless to bring food to one who is not nourished.

And that comic poet Pherecrates, in The Fugitives, facetiously represents the gods themselves as finding fault with men on the score of their sacred rites:—

“When to the gods you sacrifice,

Selecting what our portion is,

’Tis shame to tell, do ye not take,

And both the thighs, clean to the groins,

The loins quite bare, the backbone, too,

Clean scrape as with a file,

Them swallow, and the remnant give

To us as if to dogs? And then,

As if of one another ’shamed,

With heaps of salted barley hide.”1725 Translated as arranged by Grotius.

And Eubulus, also a comic poet, thus writes respecting sacrifices:—

“But to the gods the tail alone

And thigh, as if to pæderasts you sacrifice.”

And introducing Dionysus in Semele, he represents him disputing:—

“First if they offer aught to me, there are

Who offer blood, the bladder, not the heart

Or caul. For I no flesh do ever eat

That’s sweeter than the thigh.”1726 These lines are translated as arranged by Grotius, who differs in some parts from the text.

And Menander writes:—

“The end of the loin,

The bile, the bones uneatable, they set

Before the gods; the rest themselves consume.”

For is not the savour of the holocausts avoided by the beasts? And if in reality the savour is the guerdon of the gods of the Greeks, should they not first deify the cooks, who are dignified with equal happiness, and worship the chimney itself, which is closer still to the much-prized savour?

And Hesiod says that Zeus, cheated in a division of flesh by Prometheus, received the white bones of an ox, concealed with cunning art, in shining fat:—

“Whence to the immortal gods the tribes of men

The victim’s white bones on the altars burn.”

But they will by no means say that the Deity, enfeebled through the desire that springs from want, is nourished. Accordingly, they will represent Him as nourished without desire like a plant, and like beasts that burrow. They say that these grow innoxiously, nourished either by the density in the air, or from the exhalations proceeding from their own body. Though if the Deity, though needing nothing, is according to them nourished, what necessity has He for food, wanting nothing? But if, by nature needing nothing, He delights to be honoured, it is not without reason that we honour God in prayer; and thus the best and holiest sacrifice with righteousness we bring, presenting it as an offering to the most righteous Word, by whom we receive knowledge, giving glory by Him for what1727 ἐφ᾽ οἷς, is substituted by Lowth for ἅ in the text. we have learned.

The altar, then, that is with us here, the terrestrial one, is the congregation of those who devote themselves to prayers, having as it were one common voice and one mind.

Now, if nourishing substances taken in by the nostrils are diviner than those taken in by the mouth, yet they infer respiration. What, then, do they say of God? Whether does He exhale like the tribe of oaks?1728 δρυῶν, a probable conjecture of Gataker for the reading of the text, δαιμόνων. Or does He only inhale, like the aquatic animals, by the dilatation of their gills? Or does He breathe all round, like the insects, by the compression of the section by means of their wings? But no one, if he is in his senses, will liken God to any of these.

And the creatures that breathe by the expansion of the lung towards the thorax draw in the air. Then if they assign to God viscera, and arteries, and veins, and nerves, and parts, they will make Him in nothing different from man.

Now breathing together (σύμπνοια)1729 ἀνθρώπου supplied by Lowth. is properly said of the Church. For the sacrifice of the Church is the word breathing as incense1730 [Again the spiritualizing of incense.] from holy souls, the sacrifice and the whole mind being at the same time unveiled to God. Now the very ancient altar in Delos they celebrated as holy; which alone, being undefiled by slaughter and death, they say Pythagoras approached. And will they not believe us when we say that the righteous soul is the truly sacred altar, and that incense arising from it is holy prayer? But I believe sacrifices were invented by men to be a pretext for eating flesh.1731 [This is extraordinary language in Clement, whose views of Gentilism are so charitable. Possibly it is mere pleasantry, though he speaks of idolatry only. He recognises the divine institution of sacrifice, elsewhere.] But without such idolatry he who wished might have partaken of flesh.

For the sacrifices of the Law express figuratively the piety which we practice, as the turtle-dove and the pigeon offered for sins point out that the cleansing of the irrational part of the soul is acceptable to God. But if any one of the righteous does not burden his soul by the eating of flesh, he has the advantage of a rational reason, not as Pythagoras and his followers dream of the transmigration of the soul.

Now Xenocrates, treating by himself of “the food derived from animals,” and Polemon in his work On Life according to Nature, seem clearly to say that animal food is unwholesome, inasmuch as it has already been elaborated and assimilated to the souls of the irrational creatures.

So also, in particular, the Jews abstain from swine’s flesh on the ground of this animal being unclean; since more than the other animals it roots up, and destroys the productions of the ground. But if they say that the animals were assigned to men—and we agree with them—yet it was not entirely for food. Nor was it all animals, but such as do not work. Wherefore the comic poet Plato says not badly in the drama of The Feasts: —

“For of the quadrupeds we should not slay

In future aught but swine. For these have flesh

Most toothsome; and about the pig is nought

For us, excepting bristles, mud, and noise.”

Whence Æsop said not badly, that “swine squeaked out very loudly, because, when they were dragged, they knew that they were good for nothing but for sacrifice.”

Wherefore also Cleanthes says, “that they have soul1732 ψυχή, animal life. instead of salt,” that their flesh may not putrefy. Some, then, eat them as useless, others as destructive of fruits. And others do not eat them, because the animal has a strong sensual propensity.

So, then, the law sacrifices not the goat, except in the sole case of the banishment of sins;1733 i.e., in the institution of the scape-goat. since pleasure is the metropolis of vice. It is to the point also that it is said that the eating of goat’s flesh contributes to epilepsy. And they say that the greatest increase is produced by swine’s flesh. Wherefore it is beneficial to those who exercise the body; but to those who devote themselves to the development of the soul it is not so, on account of the hebetude that results from the eating of flesh. Perchance also some Gnostic will abstain from the eating of flesh for the sake of training, and in order that the flesh may not grow wanton in amorousness. “For wine,” says Androcydes, “and gluttonous feeds of flesh make the body strong, but the soul more sluggish.” Accordingly such food, in order to clear understanding, is to be rejected.

Wherefore also the Egyptians, in the purifications practiced among them, do not allow the priests to feed on flesh; but they use chickens, as lightest; and they do not touch fish, on account of certain fables, but especially on account of such food making the flesh flabby. But now terrestrial animals and birds breathe the same air as our vital spirits, being possessed of a vital principle cognate with the air. But it is said that fishes do not breathe this air, but that which was mixed with the water at the instant of its first creation, as well as with the rest of the elements, which is also a sign of the permanence of matter.1734 Or, of water. For instead of ὑλικῆς in the text, it is proposed to read ὑδατικῆς.

Wherefore we ought to offer to God sacrifices not costly, but such as He loves. And that compounded incense which is mentioned in the Law, is that which consists of many tongues and voices in prayer,1735 [Again, for the Gospel-day, he spiritualizes the incense of the Law.] or rather of different nations and natures, prepared by the gift vouchsafed in the dispensation for “the unity of the faith,” and brought together in praises, with a pure mind, and just and right conduct, from holy works and righteous prayer. For in the elegant language of poetry,—

“Who is so great a fool, and among men

So very easy of belief, as thinks

The gods, with fraud of fleshless bones and bile

All burnt, not fit for hungry dogs to eat,

Delighted are, and take this as their prize,

And favour show to those who treat them thus,”

though they happen to be tyrants and robbers?

But we say that the fire sanctifies1736 Consult Matt. iii. 11; Luke iii. 16; Heb. iv. 12. [See what is said of the philosophic ἐκπύρωσις (book v. cap. i. p. 446, supra, this volume) by our author. These passages bear on another theological matter, of which see Kaye, p. 466.] not flesh, but sinful souls; meaning not the all-devouring vulgar fire1737 [See useful note of Kaye, p. 309.] but that of wisdom, which pervades the soul passing through the fire.

Καθάπερ οὖν οὐ περιγράφεται τόπῳ θεὸς οὐδὲ ἀπεικονίζεταί ποτε ζῴου σχήματι, οὕτως οὐδὲ ὁμοιοπαθὴς οὐδὲ ἐνδεὴς καθάπερ τὰ γενητά, ὡς θυσιῶν, δίκην τροφῆς, διὰ λιμὸν ἐπιθυμεῖν. ὧν ἅπτεται πάθος, φθαρτὰ πάντα ἐστί, καὶ τῷ μὴ τρεφομένῳ προσάγειν βορὰν μάταιον. καὶ ὅ γε κωμικὸς ἐκεῖνος Φερεκράτης ἐν Αὐτομόλοις χαριέντως αὐτοὺς πεποίηκεν τοὺς θεοὺς καταμεμφομένους τοῖς ἀνθρώποις τῶν ἱερῶν· ὅτε τοῖσι θεοῖσι θύετε, πρώτιστα ἀποκρίνετε [τοῖς ἱερεῦσιν] τὸ νομιζόμενον, [κἄπειθ'] ὑμῖν, [εἶτ'] (αἰσχύνη τὸ κατειπεῖν) εὖ τὼ μηρὼ περιλέψαντες κομιδῇ μέχρι βουβώνων [κρέα πάντα] καὶ τὴν ὀσφὺν κομιδῇ ψιλήν, λοιπὸν τὸν σπόνδυλον αὐτὸν ὥσπερ [ῥίνῃ] ῥινήσαντες νέμεθ' ὥσπερ καὶ τοῖς κυσὶν ἡμῖν, εἶτ' ἀλλήλους αἰσχυνόμενοι θυλήμασι κρύπτετε πολλοῖς. Εὔβουλος δὲ ὁ καὶ αὐτὸς κωμικὸς ὧδέ πως περὶ τῶν θυσιῶν γράφει· αὐτοῖς δὲ τοῖς θεοῖσι τὴν κέρκον μόνην καὶ μηρὸν ὥσπερ παιδερασταῖς θύετε. καὶ παραγαγὼν τὸν ∆ιόνυσον ἐν Σεμέλῃ διαστελλόμενον πεποίηκεν· πρῶτον μὲν ὅταν ἐμοί τι θύωσί[ν] τινες, [θύουσιν] αἷμα, κύστιν, ἧπαρ, καρδίαν, ὑμέν' ἐπιπόλαιον· οὐδ' ἐγὼ γὰρ ἐσθίω γλυκεῖαν οὐδὲ μηρίαν. Μένανδρός τε τὴν ὀσφὺν ἄκραν πεποίηκεν [καὶ] τὴν χολὴν ὀστέα τὰ ἄβρωτα (φησί) τοῖς θεοῖς ἐπιθέντες αὐτοὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἀναλίσκουσιν. Ἢ γὰρ οὐχ ἡ τῶν ὁλοκαυτωμάτων κνῖσα καὶ τοῖς θηρίοις φευκτέα; εἰ δὲ τῷ ὄντι ἡ κνῖσα γέρας ἐστὶ θεῶν τῶν παρ' Ἕλλησιν, οὐκ ἂν φθάνοιεν καὶ τοὺς μαγείρους θεοποιοῦντες, οἳ τῆς ἴσης εὐδαιμονίας ἀξιοῦνται, καὶ τὸν ἰπνὸν αὐτὸν προσκυνοῦντες προσεχέστερον γινόμενον τῇ κνίσῃ τῇ πολυτιμήτῳ. καί που Ἡσίοδος κατά τινα μερισμὸν κρεῶν ἀπατηθέντα φησὶ πρὸς τοῦ Προμηθέως τὸν ∆ία λαβεῖν ὀστέα λευκὰ βοὸς δολίῃ ἐπὶ τέχνῃ κεκαλυμμένα ἀργέτι δημῷ· ἐκ τοῦ δ' ἀθανάτοισιν ἐπὶ χθονὶ φῦλ' ἀνθρώπων καίουσ' ὀστέα λευκὰ θυηέντων ἐπὶ βωμῶν. ἀλλ' οὐκ ἂν οὐδαμῶς φασι κατὰ τὴν ἐκ τῆς ἐνδείας ἐπιθυμίαν κακούμενον τρέφεσθαι τὸν θεόν. ὅμοιον οὖν αὐτὸν φυτῷ ποιήσουσιν ἀνορέκτως τρεφόμενον καὶ τοῖς φωλεύουσι θηρίοις. φασὶ γοῦν ταῦτα εἴτε ὑπὸ τῆς κατὰ τὸν ἀέρα παχύτητος εἴτ' αὖ καὶ ἐξ αὐτῆς τῆς τοῦ οἰκείου σώματος ἀναθυμιάσεως τρεφόμενα ἀβλαβῶς αὔξειν. καίτοι εἰ ἀνενδεῶς τρέφεται αὐτοῖς τὸ θεῖον, τίς ἔτι χρεία τροφῆς τῷ ἀνενδεεῖ; εἰ δὲ τιμώμενον χαίρει, φύσει ἀνενδεὲς ὑπάρχον, οὐκ ἀπεικότως ἡμεῖς δι' εὐχῆς τιμῶμεν τὸν θεόν, καὶ ταύτην τὴν θυσίαν ἀρίστην καὶ ἁγιωτάτην μετὰ δικαιοσύνης ἀναπέμπομεν, τῷ δικαιοτάτῳ λόγῳ γεραίροντες, δι' οὗ παραλαμβάνομεν τὴν γνῶσιν, διὰ τούτου δοξάζοντες ὃν μεμαθήκαμεν. ἔστι γοῦν τὸ παρ' ἡμῖν θυσια στήριον ἐνταῦθα τὸ ἐπίγειον τὸ ἄθροισμα τῶν ταῖς εὐχαῖς ἀνακειμένων, μίαν ὥσπερ ἔχον φωνὴν τὴν κοινὴν καὶ μίαν γνώμην. Αἱ δὲ διὰ τῆς ὀσφρήσεως, εἰ καὶ θειότεραι τῶν διὰ στόματος, τροφαί, ἀλλὰ ἀναπνοῆς εἰσι δηλωτικαί. τί οὖν φασι περὶ τοῦ θεοῦ; πότερον διαπνεῖται ὡς τὸ τῶν δαιμόνων γένος; ἢ ἐμπνεῖται μόνον ὡς τὰ ἔνυδρα κατὰ τὴν τῶν βραγχίων διαστολήν; ἢ περιπνεῖται καθάπερ τὰ ἔντομα κατὰ τὴν διὰ τῶν πτερύγων ἐπίθλιψιν τῆς ἐντομῆς; ἀλλ' οὐκ ἄν τινι τούτων ἀπεικάσαιεν, εἴ γε εὖ φρονοῖεν, τὸν θεόν· ὅσα δὲ ἀναπνεῖ, κατὰ τὴν τοῦ πνεύμονος πρὸς τὸν θώρακα ἀντιδιαστολὴν ῥυμουλκεῖ τὸν ἀέρα. εἶτα εἰ σπλάγχνα δοῖεν καὶ ἀρτηρίας καὶ φλέβας καὶ νεῦρα καὶ μόρια τῷ θεῷ, οὐδὲν διαφέροντα εἰσηγήσονται τούτων. ἡ σύμπνοια δὲ ἐπὶ τῆς ἐκκλησίας λέγεται κυρίως. καὶ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ θυσία τῆς ἐκκλησίας λόγος ἀπὸ τῶν ἁγίων ψυχῶν ἀναθυμιώμενος, ἐκκαλυπτομένης ἅμα τῇ θυσίᾳ καὶ τῆς διανοίας ἁπάσης τῷ θεῷ. ἀλλὰ τὸν μὲν ἀρχαιότατον βωμὸν ἐν ∆ήλῳ ἁγνὸν εἶναι τεθρυλήκασι, πρὸς ὃν δὴ μόνον καὶ Πυθαγόραν προσελθεῖν φασι φόνῳ καὶ θανάτῳ μὴ μιανθέντα, βωμὸν δὲ ἀληθῶς ἅγιον τὴν δικαίαν ψυχὴν καὶ τὸ ἀπ' αὐτῆς θυμίαμα τὴν ὁσίαν εὐχὴν λέγουσιν ἡμῖν ἀπιστήσουσιν; σαρκοφαγιῶν δ', οἶμαι, προφάσει αἱ θυσίαι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἐπινενόηνται. ἐξῆν δὲ καὶ ἄλλως ἄνευ τῆς τοιαύτης εἰδωλολατρείας μεταλαμβάνειν κρεῶν τὸν βουλόμενον. αἱ μὲν γὰρ κατὰ τὸν νόμον θυσίαι τὴν περὶ ἡμᾶς εὐσέβειαν ἀλληγοροῦσι, καθάπερ ἡ τρυγὼν καὶ ἡ περιστερὰ ὑπὲρ ἁμαρτιῶν προσφερόμεναι τὴν ἀποκάθαρσιν τοῦ ἀλόγου μέρους τῆς ψυχῆς προσδεκτὴν μηνύουσι τῷ θεῷ. εἰ δέ τις τῶν δικαίων οὐκ ἐπιφορτίζει τῇ τῶν κρεῶν βρώσει τὴν ψυχήν, λόγῳ τινὶ εὐλόγῳ χρῆται, οὐχ ᾧ Πυθαγόρας καὶ οἱ ἀπ' αὐτοῦ τὴν μετένδεσιν ὀνειροπολοῦντες τῆς ψυχῆς. δοκεῖ δὲ Ξενοκράτης ἰδίᾳ πραγματευόμενος Περὶ τῆς ἀπὸ τῶν ζῴων τροφῆς καὶ Πολέμων ἐν τοῖς Περὶ τοῦ κατὰ φύσιν βίου συντάγμασι σαφῶς λέγειν, ὡς ἀσύμφορόν ἐστιν ἡ διὰ τῶν σαρκῶν τροφή, [ἣ] εἰργασμένη ἤδη καὶ ἐξομοιοῖ ταῖς τῶν ἀλόγων ψυχαῖς. Ταύτῃ καὶ μάλιστα Ἰουδαῖοι χοιρείου ἀπέχονται, ὡς ἂν τοῦ θηρίου τούτου μιαροῦ ὄντος, ἐπεὶ μάλιστα τῶν ἄλλων τοὺς καρποὺς ἀνορύσσει καὶ φθείρει. ἐὰν δὲ λέγωσι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις δεδόσθαι τὰ ζῷα, καὶ ἡμεῖς συνομολογοῦμεν, πλὴν οὐ πάντως εἰς βρῶσιν οὐδὲ μὴν πάντα, ἀλλ' ὅσα ἀεργά. διόπερ οὐ κακῶς ὁ κωμικὸς Πλάτων ἐν ταῖς Ἑορταῖς τῷ δράματί φησιν· τῶν γὰρ τετραπόδων οὐδὲν ἀποκτείνειν ἔδει ἡμᾶς τὸ λοιπόν, πλὴν ὑῶν. τὰ γὰρ κρέα ἥδιστα ἔχουσιν, καὶ οὐδὲν ἀφ' ὑὸς γίγνεται πλὴν ὕστριχες καὶ πηλὸς ἡμῖν καὶ βοή. ὅθεν καὶ ὁ Αἴσωπος οὐ κακῶς ἔφη τοὺς ὗς κεκραγέναι μέγιστον, ὅταν ἕλκωνται· συνειδέναι γὰρ αὑτοῖς εἰς οὐδὲν ἄλλο χρησίμοις πλὴν εἰς τὴν θυσίαν. διὸ καὶ Κλεάνθης φησὶν ἀνθ' ἁλῶν αὐτοὺς ἔχειν τὴν ψυχήν, ἵνα μὴ σαπῇ τὰ κρέα. οἳ μὲν οὖν ὡς ἄχρηστον ἐσθίουσιν, οἳ δ' ὡς λυμαντικὸν τῶν καρπῶν καὶ ἄλλοι διὰ τὸ κατωφερὲς εἰς συνουσίαν εἶναι τὸ ζῷον οὐκ ἐσθίουσιν. ταύτῃ οὐδὲ τὸν τράγον ὁ νόμος θύει πλὴν ἐπὶ μόνῃ τῇ διοπομπήσει τῶν κακῶν, ἐπεὶ μητρόπολις κακίας ἡδονή. αὐτίκα καὶ συμβάλλεσθαι τὴν τῶν τραγείων κρεῶν βρῶσιν πρὸς ἐπιληψίαν λέγουσι. φασὶ δὲ πλείστην ἀνάδοσιν ἐκ χοιρείων γίνεσθαι κρεῶν, διὸ τοῖς μὲν ἀσκοῦσι τὸ σῶμα χρησιμεύει, τοῖς δὲ αὐτὴν τὴν ψυχὴν αὔξειν ἐπιχειροῦσι διὰ τὴν νωθρίαν τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς κρεοφαγίας ἐγγινομένην οὐκέτι. τάχ' ἄν τις τῶν γνωστικῶν καὶ ἀσκήσεως χάριν σαρκοφαγίας ἀπόσχοιτο καὶ τοῦ μὴ σφριγᾶν περὶ τὰ ἀφροδίσια τὴν σάρκα. οἶνος γάρ, φησὶν Ἀνδροκύδης, καὶ σαρκῶν ἐμφορήσεις σῶμα μὲν ῥωμαλέον ἀπεργάζονται, ψυχὴν δὲ νωχαλεστέραν. ἄθετος οὖν ἡ τοιαύτη τροφὴ πρὸς σύνεσιν ἀκριβῆ. διὸ καὶ Αἰγύπτιοι ἐν ταῖς κατ' αὐτοὺς ἁγνείαις οὐκ ἐπιτρέπουσι τοῖς ἱερεῦσι σιτεῖσθαι σάρκας ὀρνιθείοις τε ὡς κουφοτάτοις χρῶνται καὶ ἰχθύων οὐχ ἅπτονται καὶ δι' ἄλλους μέν τινας μύθους, μάλιστα δὲ ὡς πλαδαρὰν τὴν σάρκα τῆς τοιᾶσδε κατασκευαζούσης βρώσεως. ἤδη δὲ τὰ μὲν χερσαῖα καὶ τὰ πτηνὰ τὸν αὐτὸν ταῖς ἡμετέραις ψυχαῖς ἀναπνέοντα ἀέρα τρέφεται, συγγενῆ τῷ ἀέρι τὴν ψυχὴν κεκτημένα, τοὺς δὲ ἰχθῦς οὐδὲ ἀναπνεῖν φασι τοῦτον τὸν ἀέρα, ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνον ὃς ἐγκέκραται τῷ ὕδατι εὐθέως κατὰ τὴν πρώτην γένεσιν, καθάπερ καὶ τοῖς λοιποῖς στοιχείοις, ὃ καὶ δεῖγμα τῆς ὑλικῆς διαμονῆς. ∆εῖ τοίνυν θυσίας προσφέρειν τῷ θεῷ μὴ πολυτελεῖς, ἀλλὰ θεοφιλεῖς, καὶ τὸ θυμίαμα ἐκεῖνο τὸ σύνθετον τὸ ἐν τῷ νόμῳ τὸ ἐκ πολλῶν γλωσσῶν τε καὶ φωνῶν κατὰ τὴν εὐχὴν συγκείμενον, μᾶλλον δὲ τὸ ἐκ διαφόρων ἐθνῶν τε καὶ φύσεων τῇ κατὰ τὰς διαθήκας δόσει σκευαζόμενον εἰς τὴν ἑνότητα τῆς πίστεως καὶ κατὰ τοὺς αἴνους συναγόμενον, καθαρῷ μὲν τῷ νῷ, δικαίᾳ δὲ καὶ ὀρθῇ τῇ πολιτείᾳ, ἐξ ὁσίων ἔργων εὐχῆς τε δικαίας· ἐπεὶ τίς ὧδε μῶρος, κατὰ τὴν ποιητικὴν χάριν, καὶ λίαν ἀνειμένως εὔπειστος ἀνδρῶν, ὅστις ἐλπίζει θεοὺς ὀστῶν ἀσάρκων καὶ χολῆς πυρουμένης, ἃ καὶ κυσὶ[ν] πεινῶσιν οὐχὶ βρώσιμα, χαίρειν ἅπαντα[ς] καὶ γέρας λαχεῖν τόδε χάριν τε τούτων τοῖσ[ι] δρῶσιν ἐκτίνειν, κἂν πειραταὶ κἂν λῃσταὶ κἂν τύραννοι τύχωσιν; φαμὲν δ' ἡμεῖς ἁγιάζειν τὸ πῦρ οὐ τὰ κρέα, ἀλλὰ τὰς ἁμαρτωλοὺς ψυχάς, πῦρ οὐ τὸ παμφάγον καὶ βάναυσον, ἀλλὰ τὸ φρόνιμον λέγοντες, τὸ διικνούμενον διὰ ψυχῆς τῆς διερχομένης τὸ πῦρ.