§9. The various developments of idolatry: worship of the heavenly bodies, the elements, natural objects, fabulous creatures, personified lusts, men living and dead. The case of Antinous, and of the deified Emperors.

For now the understanding of mankind leaped asunder from God; and going lower in their ideas and imaginations, they gave the honour due to God first to the heaven and the sun and moon and the stars, thinking them to be not only gods, but also the causes of the other gods lower than themselves18    For the following chapters Döllinger, ‘The Gentile and the Jew,’, is a rich mine of illustration. The recently published ‘Manual of the History of Religions,’ by Prof. Chantepie de la Saussaye (Eng. Tra. pub. by Longmans), summarises the best results of recent research.. Then, going yet lower in their dark imaginations, they gave the name of gods to the upper æther and the air and the things in the air. Next, advancing further in evil, they came to celebrate as gods the elements and the principles of which bodies are composed, heat and cold and dryness and wetness. 2. But just as they who have fallen flat creep in the slime like land-snails, so the most impious of mankind, having fallen lower and lower from the idea of God, then set up as gods men, and the forms of men, some still living, others even after their death. Moreover, counselling and imagining worse things still, they transferred the divine and supernatural name of God at last even to stones and stocks, and creeping things both of land and water, and irrational wild beasts, awarding to them every divine honour, and turning from the true and only real God, the Father of Christ. 3. But would that even there the audacity of these foolish men had stopped short, and that they had not gone further yet in impious self-confusion. For to such a depth have some fallen in their understanding, to such darkness of mind, that they have even devised for themselves, and made gods of things that have no existence at all, nor any place among things created. For mixing up the rational with the irrational, and combining things unlike in nature, they worship the result as gods, such as the dog-headed and snake-headed and ass-headed gods among the Egyptians, and the ram-headed Ammon among the Libyans. While others, dividing apart the portions of men’s bodies, head, shoulder, hand, and foot, have set up each as gods and deified them, as though their religion were not satisfied with the whole body in its integrity. 4. But others, straining impiety to the utmost, have deified the motive of the invention of these things and of their own wickedness, namely, pleasure and lust, and worship them, such as their Eros, and the Aphrodite at Paphos. While some of them, as if vying with them in depravation, have ventured to erect into gods their rulers or even their sons, either out of honour for their princes, or from fear of their tyranny, such as the Cretan Zeus, of such renown among them, and the Arcadian Hermes; and among the Indians Dionysus, among the Egyptians Isis and Osiris and Horus, and in our own time Antinous, favourite of Hadrian, Emperor of the Romans, whom, although men know he was a mere man, and not a respectable man, but on the contrary, full of licentiousness, yet they worship for fear of him that enjoined it. For Hadrian having come to sojourn in the land of Egypt, when Antinous the minister of his pleasure died, ordered him to be worshipped; being indeed himself in love with the youth even after his death, but for all that offering a convincing exposure of himself, and a proof against all idolatry, that it was discovered among men for no other reason than by reason of the lust of them that imagined it. According as the wisdom of God testifies beforehand when it says, “The devising of idols was the beginning of fornication19    Wisd. xiv. 12..” 5. And do not wonder, nor think what we are saying hard to believe, inasmuch as it is not long since, even if it be not still the case that the Roman Senate vote to those emperors who have ever ruled them from the beginning, either all of them, or such as they wish and decide, a place among the gods, and decree them to be worshipped20    Constantine was the last Emperor officially deified (D.C.B., I. 649), but even Theodosius is raised to heaven by the courtly Claudian Carm. de 111 Cons. Honor. 163 sqq.; cf. Gwatkin, p. 54, note.. For those to whom they are hostile, they treat as enemies and call men, admitting their real nature, while those who are popular with them they order to be worshipped on account of their virtue, as though they had it in their own power to make gods, though they are themselves men, and do not profess to be other than mortal. 6. Whereas if they are to make gods, they ought to be themselves gods; for that which makes must needs be better than that which it makes, and he that judges is of necessity in authority over him that is judged, while he that gives, at any rate that which he has, confers a layout, just as, of course, every king, in giving as a favour what he has to give, is greater and in a higher position than those who receive. If then they decree whomsoever they please to be gods, they ought first to be gods themselves. But the strange thing is this, that they themselves by dying as men, expose the falsehood of their own vote concerning those deified by them.

9 Ἄρτι γὰρ ἀπεπήδησεν ἡ διάνοια τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀπὸ Θεοῦ, καὶ καταβαίνοντες ταῖς ἐννοίαις καὶ τοῖς λογισμοῖς οἱ ἄνθρωποι, πρώτοις οὐρανῷ καὶ ἡλίῳ καὶ σελήνῃ καὶ τοῖς ἄστροις τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ τιμὴν ἀνέθηκαν, ἐκείνους οὐ μόνον θεοὺς εἶναι νομίζοντες, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν μετ' αὐτοὺς αἰτίους τυγχάνειν· εἶτ', ἐπικαταβαίνοντες τοῖς σκοτεινοῖς λογισμοῖς, αἰθέρα καὶ τὸν ἀέρα καὶ τὰ ἐν τῷ ἀέρι προσηγόρευσαν θεούς. προβαίνοντες δὲ τοῖς κακοῖς, ἤδη καὶ τὰ στοιχεῖα, καὶ τὰς ἀρχὰς τῆς τῶν σωμάτων συστάσεως, τὴν θερμὴν καὶ τὴν ψυχρὰν καὶ τὴν ξηρὰν καὶ τὴν ὑγρὰν οὐσίαν θεοὺς ἀνύμνησαν. ὡς δὲ οἱ τέλεον πεσόντες περὶ τὴν γῆν ἰλυσπῶνται δίκην τῶν ἐν τῇ χέρσῳ κοχλιῶν· οὕτως οἱ ἀσεβέστατοι τῶν ἀνθρώπων, πεσόντες καὶ καταπεσόντες ἀπὸ τῆς περὶ Θεοῦ φαντασίας, λοιπὸν καὶ ἀνθρώπους καὶ ἀνθρώπων μορφάς, τῶν μὲν ἔτι ζώντων, τῶν δὲ καὶ μετὰ θάνατον εἰς θεοὺς ἀνέθηκαν. ἔτι δὲ καὶ χείρονα βουλευόμενοι καὶ λογιζόμενοι, ἤδη καὶ εἰς λίθους, καὶ ξύλα καὶ ἑρπετά, ἔνυδρά τε καὶ χερσαῖα, καὶ εἰς τὰ τῶν ἀλόγων ἀνήμερα ζῶα, τὴν θείαν καὶ ὑπερκόσμιον τοῦ Θεοῦ προσηγορίαν μετήνεγκαν, πᾶσαν τιμὴν αὐτοῖς Θεοῦ ἀπονέμοντες, καὶ τὸν ἀληθινὸν καὶ ὄντως ὄντα Θεὸν τὸν τοῦ Χριστοῦ Πατέρα ἀποστρεφόμενοι. Εἴθε δὲ κἂν μέχρι τούτων εἱστήκει τῶν ἀφρόνων ἡ τόλμα, καὶ μὴ περαιτέρω βαίνοντες ἑαυτοὺς ταῖς ἀσεβείαις ἐνέφυρον. τοσοῦτον γάρ τινες καταπεπτώκασι τῇ διανοίᾳ καὶ ἐσκοτίσθησαν τὸν νοῦν, ὥστε καὶ τὰ μηδ' ὅλως μηδαμῶς ὑπάρχοντα, μηδὲ ἐν τοῖς γενο μένοις φαινόμενα, ὅμως ἑαυτοῖς ἐπινοῆσαι καὶ θεοποιῆσαι. λογικὰ γὰρ ἀλόγοις ἐπιμίξαντες, καὶ ἀνόμοια τῇ φύσει ἐνείραντες ὡς θεοὺς θρησκεύουσιν· οἷοί εἰσιν οἱ παρ' Αἰγυπτίοις κυνοκέφαλοι καὶ ὀφιο κέφαλοι καὶ ὀνοκέφαλοι, καὶ ὁ παρὰ Λίβυσι κριοκέφαλος Ἄμμων. ἄλλοι δὲ τὰ μέρη τῶν σωμάτων, κεφαλὴν καὶ ὦμον καὶ χεῖρα καὶ πόδα καθ' ἑαυτὰ διελόντες, ἕκαστον εἰς θεοὺς ἀνέθηκαν καὶ ἐξεθεία σαν, ὥσπερ οὐκ ἀρκούμενοι ἐξ ὁλοκλήρου τοῦ ὅλου σώματος ἔχειν τὴν θρησκείαν. ἐπιτείνοντες δὲ τὴν ἀσέβειαν ἕτεροι, τὴν πρόφασιν τῆς τούτων εὑρέσεως καὶ τῆς ἑαυτῶν κακίας τὴν ἡδονὴν καὶ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν θεοποιήσαντες προσκυνοῦσιν· οἷός ἐστιν ὁ παρ' αὐτοῖς Ἔρως, καὶ ἡ ἐν Πάφῳ Ἀφροδίτη. οἱ δὲ αὐτῶν, ὥσπερ φιλοτιμούμενοι τοῖς χείροσιν, ἐτόλμησαν τοὺς παρ' αὐτῶν ἄρχοντας ἢ καὶ τοὺς τούτων παῖδας εἰς θεοὺς ἀναθεῖναι, ἢ διὰ τιμὴν τῶν ἀρξάντων ἢ διὰ φόβον τῆς αὐτῶν τυραννίδος· ὡς ὁ ἐν Κρήτῃ παρ' αὐτοῖς περιβόητος Ζεύς, καὶ ἐν Ἀρκαδίᾳ Ἑρμῆς καὶ παρὰ μὲν Ἰνδοῖς ∆ιόνυσος, παραδὲ Αἰγυπτίοις Ἶσις, καὶ Ὄσιρις, καὶ Ὧρος, καὶ ὁ νῦν Ἀδριανοῦ τουῬωμαίων βασιλέως παιδικὸς Ἀντίνοος, ὃν καίπερ εἰδότες ἄνθρωπον, καὶ ἄνθρωπον οὐ σεμνόν, ἀλλ' ἀσελγείας ἔμπλεων, διὰ φόβον τοῦ προστάξαντος σέβουσιν. ἐπιδημήσας γὰρ Ἀδριανὸς τῇ χώρᾳ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων, τελευτήσαντα τὸν τῆς ἡδονῆς αὐτοῦ ὑπηρέτην Ἀντίνοον ἐκέλευσε θρησκεύεσθαι, αὐτὸς μὲν καὶ μετὰ θάνατον ἐρῶν τοῦ παιδός, ἔλεγχον δὲ ὅμως καθ' ἑαυτοῦ, καὶ γνώρισμα κατὰ πάσης εἰδωλο λατρείας παρέχων, ὅτι οὐκ ἄλλως ἐφευρέθη παρὰ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις αὕτη ἢ δι' ἐπιθυμίαν τῶν πλασαμένων, καθὼς καὶ ἡ σοφία τοῦ Θεοῦ προμαρτύρεται λέγουσα· Ἀρχὴ πορνείας ἐπίνοια εἰδώλων. Καὶ μήτοι θαυμάσῃς μηδὲ μακρὰν πίστεως νομίσῃς εἶναι τὸ λεγόμενον, ὅπου γε καὶ οὐ πολλῷ πρότερον, ἢ τάχα καὶ μέχρι νῦν ἡ Ῥωμαίων σύγκλητος τοὺς πώποτε αὐτῶν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἄρξαντας βασιλέας, ἢ πάντας, ἢ οὓς ἂν αὐτοὶ βούλωνται καὶ κρίνωσι, δογ ματίζουσιν ἐν θεοῖς εἶναι, καὶ θρησκεύεσθαι θεοὺς γράφουσιν. οἷς μὲν γὰρ ἀπεχθάνονται, τούτους ὡς πολεμίους τὴν φύσιν ὁμολογοῦσι, καὶ ἀνθρώπους ὀνομάζουσιν· οὓς δὲ καταθυμίους ἔχουσι, τούτους δι' ἀνδραγαθίαν θρησκεύεσθαι προστάττουσιν, ὥσπερ ἐπ' ἐξουσίας ἔχον τες τὸ θεοποιεῖν, αὐτοὶ ἄνθρωποι τυγχάνοντες, καὶ εἶναι θνητοὶ μὴ ἀρνούμενοι. ἔδει δὲ θεοποιοῦντας αὐτοὺς μᾶλλον αὐτοὺς εἶναι θεούς· τὸ γὰρ ποιοῦν τοῦ ποιουμένου κρεῖττον εἶναι δεῖ, καὶ ὁ κρίνων τοῦ κρινομένου ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἄρχει, καὶ ὁ διδοὺς πάντως ὃ ἔχει χαρίζε ται· ὥσπερ ἀμέλει καὶ πᾶς βασιλεὺς ὃ μὲν ἔχει χαρίζεται, τῶν δὲ λαμβανόντων κρείττων καὶ μείζων ἐστίν. εἴπερ οὖν οὓς θέλουσιν αὐτοὶ τούτους θεοὺς δογματίζουσιν εἶναι, ἔδει καὶ αὐτοὺς πρῶτον εἶναι θεούς. ἀλλὰ τὸ θαυμαστόν ἐστι τοῦτο, ὅτι αὐτοὶ ἀποθνήσκοντες ὡς ἄνθρωποι ἐλέγχουσι τὴν ἑαυτῶν περὶ τῶν θεοποιηθέντων ὑπ' αὐτῶν ψῆφον εἶναι ψευδῆ.