Chapter 35.—What Predestination is.

Will any man dare to say that God did not foreknow those to whom He would give to believe, or whom He would give to His Son, that of them He should lose none?83    John xviii. 9. And certainly, if He foreknew these things, He as certainly foreknew His own kindnesses, wherewith He condescends to deliver us. This is the predestination of the saints,—nothing else; to wit, the foreknowledge and the preparation of God’s kindnesses, whereby they are most certainly delivered, whoever they are that are delivered. But where are the rest left by the righteous divine judgment except in the mass of ruin, where the Tyrians and the Sidonians were left? who, moreover, might have believed if they had seen Christ’s wonderful miracles. But since it was not given to them to believe, the means of believing also were denied them. From which fact it appears that some have in their understanding itself a naturally divine gift of intelligence, by which they may be moved to the faith, if they either hear the words or behold the signs congruous to their minds; and yet if, in the higher judgment of God, they are not by the predestination of grace separated from the mass of perdition, neither those very divine words nor deeds are applied to them by which they might believe if they only heard or saw such things. Moreover, in the same mass of ruin the Jews were left, because they could not believe such great and eminent mighty works as were done in their sight. For the gospel has not been silent about the reason why they could not believe, since it says: “But though He had done such great miracles before them, yet they believed not on Him; that the saying of Isaiah the prophet might be fulfilled which he spake,84    Isa. liii. 1. Lord, who hath believed our report, and to whom hath the arm of the Lord been revealed? And, therefore, they could not believe, because that Isaiah said again,85    Isa. vi. 10. He hath blinded their eyes and hardened their heart, that they should not see with their eyes, nor understand with their heart, and be converted, and I should heal them.”86    John xii. 37 ff. Therefore the eyes of the Tyrians and Sidonians were not so blinded nor was their heart so hardened, since they would have believed if they had seen such mighty works, as the Jews saw. But it did not profit them that they were able to believe, because they were not predestinated by Him whose judgments are inscrutable and His ways past finding out. Neither would inability to believe have been a hindrance to them, if they had been so predestinated as that God should illuminate those blind eyes, and should will to take away the stony heart from those hardened ones. But what the Lord said of the Tyrians and Sidonians may perchance be understood in another way: that no one nevertheless comes to Christ unless it were given him, and that it is given to those who are chosen in Him before the foundation of the world, he confesses beyond a doubt who hears the divine utterance, not with the deaf ears of the flesh, but with the ears of the heart; and yet this predestination, which is plainly enough unfolded even by the words of the gospels, did not prevent the Lord’s saying as well in respect of the commencement, what I have a little before mentioned, “Believe in God; believe also in me,” as in respect of perseverance, “A man ought always to pray, and not to faint.”87    Luke xviii. 1. For they hear these things and do them to whom it is given; but they do them not, whether they hear or do not hear, to whom it is not given. Because, “To you,” said He, “it is given to know the mystery of the kingdom of heaven, but to them it is not given.”88    Matt. xiii. 11. Of these, the one refers to the mercy, the other to the judgment of Him to whom our soul cries, “I will sing of mercy and judgment unto Thee, O Lord.”89    Ps. ci. 1.

35. An quisquam dicere audebit, Deum non praescisse quibus esset daturus ut crederent, aut quos daturus esset Filio suo, ut ex eis non perderet quemquam (Joan. XVIII, 9)? Quae utique si praescivit, profecto beneficia sua, quibus nos dignatur liberare, praescivit. Haec est praedestinatio sanctorum, nihil aliud: praescientia scilicet , et praeparatio beneficiorum Dei, quibus certissime liberantur, quicumque liberantur. Caeteri autem ubi nisi in massa perditionis justo divino judicio relinquuntur? Ubi Tyrii relicti sunt et Sidonii, qui etiam credere potuerunt, si mira illa Christi signa vidissent. Sed quoniam ut crederent, non erat eis datum, etiam unde crederent est negatum. Ex quo apparet habere quosdam in ipso ingenio divinum naturaliter munus intelligentiae, quo moveantur ad fidem, si congrua suis mentibus, vel audiant verba, vel signa conspiciant: et tamen si Dei altiore judicio, a perditionis massa non sunt gratiae praedestinatione discreti, nec ipsa eis adhibentur vel dicta divina vel facta, per quae possent credere, si audirent utique talia vel viderent. In eadem perditionis massa relicti sunt etiam Judaei, qui non potuerunt credere factis in conspectu suo tam magnis clarisque virtutibus. Cur enim non poterant credere, non tacuit Evangelium, dicens: Cum autem tanta signa fecisset coram eis, non crediderunt in eum; ut sermo Isaiae prophetae impleretur, quem dixit: Domine, quis credidit auditui nostro? et brachium Domini cui revelatum est? Et ideo non poterant credere, quia iterum dixit Isaias: Excaecavit oculos eorum, et induravit cor illorum; ut non videant oculis, nec intelligant corde, et convertantur, et sanem illos (Joan. XII, 37-40). Non erant ergo sic excaecati oculi, nec sic induratum cor Tyriorum et Sidoniorum: quoniam credidissent, si qualia viderunt isti signa vidissent. Sed nec illis profuit quod poterant credere, quia praedestinati non erant ab eo, cujus inscrutabilia sunt judicia, et investigabiles viae; nec istis obfuisset quod non poterant credere, si ita praedestinati essent, ut eos caecos Deus illuminaret, et induratis cor lapideum vellet auferre. Verum quod dixit Dominus de Tyriis et Sidoniis, aliquo alio modo potest fortassis intelligi: neminem tamen venire ad Christum, nisi cui fuerit datum, et eis dari qui in illo electi sunt ante constitutionem mundi, procul dubio confitetur, a quo non surdis auribus cordis eloquium divinum auribus carnis auditur. Et tamen haec praedestinatio, quae satis aperte etiam verbis evangelicis explicatur, non prohibuit Dominum et propter incipiendum dicere, quod paulo ante commemoravi, Cre, dite in Deum, et in me credite: et propter perseverandum, Oportet semper orare, et non deficere (Luc. XVIII, 1). Audiunt enim haec et faciunt, quibus datum est: non autem faciunt, sive audiant, sive non audiant, quibus non datum est. Quia vobis, inquit, datum est nosse mysterium regni coelorum; illis autem non est datum (Matth. XIII, 11). Quorum alterum ad misericordiam, 1015 alterum ad judicium pertinet illius, cui dicit anima nostra, Misericordiam et judicium cantabo tibi, Domine (Psal. C, 1).