Cyril of Alexandria, Commentary on the Gospel according to John

In a very little time, the Baptist is declared to be Prophet alike and Apostle. For Whom he was heralding as coming, Him now come he points out. Therefore, he bounded beyond even the measure of prophets, as the Saviour Himself saith when discoursing with the Jews concerning him, What went ye out into the wilderness for to see? A prophet, yea, I say unto you and more than a prophet. For they in their times prophesied that Christ should be revealed, but he, crying that He shall come, also pointed Him out come. For the next day, saith he, he seeth Jesus coming to him.

And saith, Behold the Lamb of God, Which taketh away the sin of the world.

No longer has prepare ye the way fit place, since He at length is seen and is before the eyes for Whom the preparation is made: the nature of the thing began to need other words. It needed to explain, Who He is Who is come, and to whom He maketh His descent Who hath come to us from Heaven. Behold, therefore, saith he, the Lamb of God Which taketh away the sin of the world, Whom the Prophet Isaiah did signify to us, saying, He is brought as a lamb to the slaughter, and as a sheep before her shearers is dumb: Whom of old, too, saith he, the law of Moses typified, but then it saved in part, not extending mercy to all (for it was a type and shadow): but now He Who of old was dimly pictured, the very Lamb, the spotless Sacrifice, is led to the slaughter for all, that He might drive away the sin of the world, that He might overturn the destroyer of the earth, that dying for all He might bring to nought death, that He might undo the curse that is upon us, that He might at length end Dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return, that He might become the second Adam, not of the earth, but from heaven, and might be the beginning of all good to the nature of man, deliverance from the imported corruption, Bestower of eternal life, foundation of our reconciliation to God, beginning of godliness and righteousness, way to the Kingdom of Heaven. For one Lamb died for all, saving the whole flock on earth to God the Father, One for all, that He might subject all to God, One for all, that He might gain all: that at length all should not henceforth live to themselves but to Him Which died for them and rose again. For since we were in many sins, and therefore due to death and corruption, the Father hath given the Son a redemption for us, One for all, since all are in Him, and He above all. One died for all, that all should live in Him. For death having swallowed up the Lamb for all, hath vomited forth all in Him and with Him. For all we were in Christ, Who on account of us and for us died and rose again. But sin being destroyed, how could it be that death which was of it and because of it should not altogether come to nothing? The root dying, how could the shoot yet survive? wherefore should we yet die, now that sin hath been destroyed? therefore jubilant in the Sacrifice of the Lamb of God we say: O death, where is thy sting? O grave, where is thy victory? For all iniquity, as the Psalmist sings somewhere, shall stop her mouth, no longer able to accuse those who have sinned from infirmity. For it is God that justifieth, who is he that condemneth? Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law, being made a curse for us, that we might escape the curse from transgression.

30 This is He of Whom I said.

He leads the hearers to remembrance of his words, and yields to Christ the superiority in glory, accomplishing the work, not of love, but rather of truth and necessity. For the creature is subject, even if it willeth not, to the Creator? the bond to the Lord, the supplied to the Giver. But in what manner Christ was after John, but preferred before him, for He was before him, as himself confesseth, we have spoken sufficiently in what has preceded.

31 And I knew Him not, but that He should be made manifest to Israel, therefore am I come baptizing with water.

He that leaped in the depth of the womb of his mother at the voice of the Holy Virgin while yet bearing the Lord, prophet before the travail-pang, disciple in the womb, says of the Saviour, I knew Him not, and says truly, for he does not lie. For God knows all things of Himself and untaught, but the creature, by being taught. For the Spirit indwelling in the Saints, fulfils what is lacking, and gives to human nature His Own good, I mean, knowledge of things to come, and of the hidden mysteries. Therefore the holy Baptist saying that he does not know the Lord, will by no means speak untruly, in regard of the property of human nature, and the measure befitting the creature, but will attribute the knowledge of all things to God Alone, Who through the Holy Ghost enlighteneth man to the apprehension of hidden things. And very profitably doth he say that of himself he knew not Christ, but is come for that very purpose, to make Him manifest to Israel, that he may not seem to run of his own accord to bear testimony, nor be thought by any the minister of his own will, but the worker of the Divine dispensation, the minister of the Counsel from above revealing to him the Lamb Which taketh away the sin of the world.

In order therefore that the Jews may the more easily come to believe on our Saviour Christ, and may have the most worthy conception of Him, he says that having not known Him, he knows Him, that they may understand then at length God Who revealed Him, and awestruck at the judgment from above, may receive his word concerning Him, and, seeing the servant so great, may proportionally estimate the Dignity of the Master. For his saying, that he was come to make Him manifest to Israel, how does it not denote the care belonging to a servant?

ΤΟΥ ΕΝ ΑΓΙΟΙΣ ΠΑΤΡΟΣ ΗΜΩΝ ΚΥΡΙΛΛΟΥ ΑΡΧΙΕΠΙΣΚΟΠΟΥ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΕΙΑΣ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΚΑΤΑ ΙΩΑΝΝΗΝ ΕΥΑΓΓΕΛΙΟΝ. ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ Βʹ. Τῇ ἐπαύριον βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν. ἘΝ ὀλίγῳ κομιδῇ τῷ καιρῷ προφήτης ὁμοῦ καὶ ἀπόστολος ὁ βαπτιστὴς ἀναδείκνυται: ὃν γὰρ ὡς ἥξοντα προεκήρυττε, τοῦτον ἤδη παρόντα δείκνυσι. διὰ τοῦτο καὶ τὸ προφητῶν ἀνεπήδησε μέτρον, ὡς αὐτός που φησὶν ὁ Σωτὴρ πρὸς Ἰουδαίους διαλεγόμενος περὶ αὐτοῦ ” Τί ἐξήλθατε εἰς “τὴν ἔρημον ἰδεῖν; προφήτην; ναὶ λέγω ὑμῖν, καὶ περισ” σότερον προφήτου.“ οἱ μὲν γὰρ κατὰ καιροὺς ὅτι ἀναδειχθήσεται Χριστὸς προεφήτευον, ὁ δὲ ὡς ἥξει βοῶν καὶ παρόντα δέδειχε. τῇ γὰρ ἐπαύριόν φησι βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν.
« Καὶ λέγει Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου. » Οὐκέτι τό Ἑτοιμάσατε τὴν ὁδὸν καιρὸν ἔχει τὸν πρέποντα, λοιπὸν ὁρωμένου καὶ ὄντος ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς τοῦ δι' ὃν ἡ ἑτοιμασία γίνεται: ἑτέρων ἐδεῖτο λόγων ἡ τοῦ πράγματος φύσις. ἐχρῆν ἐξηγεῖσθαι τίς ὁ παρὼν, καὶ ἐπὶ τίσιν ἔχει τὴν κάθοδον ὁ πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἐξ οὐρανῶν ἀφιγμένος. ἴδε τοίνυν φησὶν ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου, ὃν ὁ προφήτης ἡμῖν Ἡσαΐας κατεσήμαινε λέγων ” Ὡς πρόβατον “ἐπὶ σφαγὴν ἤχθη, καὶ ὡς ἀμνὸς ἐναντίον τοῦ κείροντος ” αὐτὸν ἄφωνος,“ ὃν καὶ πάλαι, φησὶν, ὁ διὰ Μωυσέως ἀνετύπου νόμος: ἀλλὰ τότε μὲν ἔσωζε μερικῶς, οὐκ εἰς ἅπαντας ἐκτείνων τὸν ἔλεον: τύπος γὰρ ἦν καὶ σκιά: νυνὶ δὲ ὁ πάλαι δι' αἰνιγμάτων ζωγραφούμενος, ὁ ἀληθινὸς ἀμνὸς, τὸ ἄμωμον ἱερεῖον, ὑπὲρ πάντων ἄγεται πρὸς σφαγὴν, ἵνα τοῦ κόσμου τὴν ἁμαρτίαν ἐλάσῃ, ἵνα τὸν τῆς οἰκουμένης ὀλοθρευτὴν ἀνατρέψῃ, ἵνα καταργήσῃ τὸν θάνατον ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀποθανὼν, ἵνα λύσῃ τὴν ἐφ' ἡμῖν κατάραν, ἵνα παύσηται λοιπὸν τό ” Γῆ εἶ καὶ εἰς γῆν ἀπελεύσῃ,“ ἵνα γένηται δεύτερος Ἀδὰμ, οὐκ ἀπὸ γῆς, ἀλλ' ἐξ οὐρανοῦ, καὶ ἀρχὴ γένηται τῇ ἀνθρώπου φύσει παντὸς ἀγαθοῦ, λύσις ἐπεισάκτου φθορᾶς, πρόξενος αἰωνίου ζωῆς, ἀναμορφώσεως τῆς εἰς Θεὸν ὑπόθεσις, εὐσεβείας καὶ δικαιοσύνης ἀρχὴ, ὁδὸς εἰς βασιλείαν οὐρανῶν: ” εἷς γὰρ ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν“ ἀμνὸς, ὅλην ἀνασώζων τὴν ἐπὶ γῆς ἀγέλην τῷ Θεῷ καὶ Πατρὶ, εἷς ὑπὲρ πάντων, ἵνα πάντας ὑποτάξῃ Θεῷ, εἷς ὑπὲρ πάντων, ἵνα πάντας κερδάνῃ: ἵνα λοιπὸν οἱ πάντες ” μηκέτι “ἑαυτοῖς ζῶσιν, ἀλλὰ τῷ ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ἀποθανόντι καὶ” ἀναστάντι. ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἦμεν ἐν πολλαῖς ἁμαρτίαις, διά τε τοῦτο χρεωστούμενοι θανάτῳ καὶ φθορᾷ, δέδωκεν ἀντίλυτρον ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν τὸν Υἱὸν ὁ Πατὴρ ἕνα ὑπὲρ πάντων, ἐπεὶ καὶ πάντα ἐν αὐτῷ, καὶ πάντων κρείττων ἐστίν: εἷς ἀπέθανεν ὑπὲρ πάντων, ἵνα οἱ πάντες ζήσωμεν ἐν αὐτῷ: καταπιὼν γὰρ ὁ θάνατος τὸν ὑπὲρ πάντων Ἀμνὸν, πάντας ἐξήμεσεν ἐν αὐτῷ τε καὶ σὺν αὐτῷ. οἱ γὰρ πάντες ἦμεν ἐν τῷ δι' ἡμᾶς καὶ ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ἀποθανόντι καὶ ἐγερθέντι Χριστῷ: καταργουμένης δὲ τῆς ἁμαρτίας, πῶς ἐνεδέχετο μὴ οὐχὶ πάντως καὶ τὸν ἐξ αὐτῆς καὶ δι' αὐτὴν καταργηθῆναι θάνατον; ἀποθανούσης δὲ τῆς ῥίζης, πῶς ἂν ἔτι λοιπὸν ὁ ἐξ αὐτῆς ἐσώθη βλαστός; διὰ ποίαν αἰτίαν ἐμέλλομεν ἀποθνήσκειν ἔτι τῆς ἁμαρτίας ἀναιρουμένης; οὐκοῦν ἑορτάζοντες λέγομεν ἐπὶ τῇ σφαγῇ τοῦ Ἀμνοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ “Ποῦ ἡ δίκη σου θάνατε; ” ποῦ τὸ κέντρον σου ᾅδη;“ ” Πᾶσα γὰρ ἀνομία,“ καθάπερ ἔφη που ψάλλων ὁ μελῳδὸς, ” ἐμφράξει τὸ στόμα αὐτῆς,“ οὐκέτι κατηγορεῖν τῶν ἐξ ἀσθενείας ἡμαρτηκότων ἰσχύουσα. ” Θεὸς γὰρ ὁ δικαιῶν, τίς ὁ κατακρίνων;“ ” Χριστὸς ἡμᾶς “ἐξηγόρασεν ἐκ τῆς κατάρας τοῦ νόμου γενόμενος ὑπὲρ ” ἡμῶν κατάρα,“ ἵνα ἡμεῖς τὴν ἐξ ἀνομίας ἀρὰν διαφύγωμεν.
« Οὗτός ἐστι περὶ οὗ εἶπεν. » Εἰς ὑπόμνησιν ἄγει τῶν ἐξ αὐτοῦ λόγων τοὺς ἀκροωμένους, καὶ τὸ μεῖζον ἐν δόξῃ παραχωρεῖ τῷ Χριστῷ, οὐκ ἀγάπης, ἀληθείας δὲ μᾶλλον ἢ καὶ ἀνάγκης ἔργον ἀποπληρῶν: ὑποκείσεται γὰρ, κἂν μὴ βούληται, τῷ ποιητῇ τὸ ποίημα, τῷ Δεσπότῃ τὸ δοῦλον, τῷ χορηγῷ τὸ χορηγούμενον. κατὰ τίνα δὲ τρόπον ὀπίσω μὲν ἦν Ἰωάννου Χριστὸς, ἔμπροσθεν δὲ γέγονεν, ὅτι πρῶτος ἦν, ὡς αὐτὸς ὁμολογεῖ, διὰ τῶν προλαβόντων ἀρκούντως εἰρήκαμεν.
« Κἀγὼ οὐκ ᾔδειν αὐτὸν, ἀλλ' ἵνα φανερωθῇ τῷ Ἰσραὴλ, διὰ τοῦτο ἦλθον ἐγὼ ἐν ὕδατι βαπτίζων. » Ὁ ἐν τῇ κοιλίᾳ τῆς νηδύος ἀνασκιρτήσας τῆς ἰδίας μητρὸς ἐπὶ τῇ φωνῇ τῆς ἁγίας παρθένου κυοφορούσης ἔτι τὸν Κύριον, ὁ πρὸ τῆς ὠδῖνος προφήτης, ὁ ἐν ἐμβρύῳ μαθητής Οὐκ ᾔδειν αὐτὸν περὶ τοῦ Σωτῆρός φησιν, ἀληθεύει δὲ λέγων: οὐ γὰρ ψεύδεται: πάντα μὲν γὰρ οἶδεν ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἀδιδάκτως Θεὸς, διδακτῶς δὲ ἡ κτίσις: ἐνοικοῦν δὲ τοῖς ἁγίοις τὸ Πνεῦμα, τὸ ἐνδέον ἀναπληροῖ, καὶ τὸ ἴδιον ἀγαθὸν τῇ ἀνθρώπου φύσει χαρίζεται, τὸ εἰδέναι φημὶ τὰ ἐσόμενα, καὶ τῶν κεκρυμμένων μυστηρίων τὴν γνῶσιν. οὐκοῦν μὴ εἰδέναι λέγων τὸν Κύριον ὁ μακάριος βαπτιστὴς, διαψεύσεται μὲν οὐδαμῶς, κατά γε τὸ τῆς ἀνθρωπότητος ἴδιον καὶ τὸ πρέπον τῇ κτίσει μέτρον, ἀναθήσει δὲ μόνῳ τὸ πάντα εἰδέναι τῷ Θεῷ, τῷ διὰ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου πρὸς τὴν τῶν κεκρυμμένων κατάληψιν φωταγωγοῦντι τὸν ἄνθρωπον: χρησίμως δὲ λίαν οὐκ εἰδέναι μὲν ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ φησι τὸν Χριστὸν, ἐληλυθέναι γεμὴν διὰ τοῦτο κυρίως, ἵνα φανερὸν αὐτὸν καταστήσῃ τῷ Ἰσραὴλ, ἵνα μὴ αὐτόμολος ἐπὶ τὴν μαρτυρίαν φαίνηται δραμὼν, μηδὲ ἰδίων θελημάτων ὑπηρέτης νοῆται παρά τισιν, ἀλλὰ θείας μὲν οἰκονομίας ἐργάτης, βουλῆς δὲ τῆς ἄνωθεν ὑπουργὸς, ἀποκαλυπτούσης αὐτῷ τὸν Ἀμνὸν τὸν αἴροντα τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου. ἵνα τοίνυν εὐπετέστερον ἐπὶ τῷ πιστεύειν ἐπὶ τῷ Σωτῆρι Χριστῷ βαδίζοιεν Ἰουδαῖοι, καὶ ἀξιολογωτάτην ἔχωσι περὶ αὐτοῦ τὴν διάληψιν, ἐγνωκέναι φησὶν αὐτὸν οὐκ εἰδὼς, ἵνα λοιπὸν ἐννοῶσι τὸν ἀποκαλύψαντα Θεὸν, καὶ τὸ ἄνωθεν ἀποναρκήσαντες κρῖμα, παραδέξωνται τὸν λόγον τὸν περὶ αὐτοῦ, καὶ τὸν οἰκέτην ὁρῶντες ὄντα τοσοῦτον, ἀναλόγως τὸ τοῦ κρατοῦντος ἀναμετρῶσιν ἀξίωμα. τὸ γὰρ ἐληλυθέναι λέγειν, ἵνα φανερὸν αὐτὸν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ καταστήσῃ, πῶς οὐ πάντως τὴν οἰκέτῃ πρέπουσαν θεραπείαν σημαίνει;