Chapter IV.—Objection from the Fact that Some Human Bodies Have Become Part of Others.

These persons, to wit, say that many bodies of those who have come to an unhappy death in shipwrecks and rivers have become food for fishes, and many of those who perish in war, or who from some other sad cause or state of things are deprived of burial, lie exposed to become the food of any animals which may chance to light upon them. Since, then, bodies are thus consumed, and the members and parts composing them are broken up and distributed among a great multitude of animals, and by means of nutrition become incorporated with the bodies of those that are nourished by them,—in the first place, they say, their separation from these is impossible; and besides this, in the second place, they adduce another circumstance more difficult still. When animals of the kind suitable for human food, which have fed on the bodies of men, pass through their stomach, and become incorporated with the bodies of those who have partaken of them, it is an absolute necessity, they say, that the parts of the bodies of men which have served as nourishment to the animals which have partaken of them should pass into other bodies of men, since the animals which meanwhile have been nourished by them convey the nutriment derived from those by whom they were nourished into those men of whom they become the nutriment. Then to this they tragically add the devouring of offspring perpetrated by people in famine and madness, and the children eaten by their own parents through the contrivance of enemies, and the celebrated Median feast, and the tragic banquet of Thyestes; and they add, moreover, other such like unheard-of occurrences which have taken place among Greeks and barbarians: and from these things they establish, as they suppose, the impossibility of the resurrection, on the ground that the same parts cannot rise again with one set of bodies, and with another as well; for that either the bodies of the former possessors cannot be reconstituted, the parts which composed them having passed into others, or that, these having been restored to the former, the bodies of the last possessors will come short.

Oὗτοι δέ γέ φασιν πολλὰ μὲν σώματα τῶν ἐν ναυαγίοις ἢ ποταμοῖς δυσθανάτων ἰχθύσιν γενέσθαι τροφήν, πολλὰ δὲ τῶν ἐν πολέμοις θνῃσκόντων ἢ κατ' ἄλλην τινὰ τραχυτέραν αἰτίαν καὶ πραγμάτων περίστασιν ταφῆς ἀμοιρούντων τοῖς προστυγχάνουσιν ζῴοις προκεῖσθαι βοράν. τῶν οὖν οὕτως ἀναλισκομένων σωμάτων καὶ τῶν ταῦτα συμπληρούντων μερῶν καὶ μορίων εἰς πολὺ πλῆθος ζῴων διαθρυπτομένων καὶ διὰ τῆς τροφῆς τοῖς τῶν τρεφομένων σώμασιν ἑνουμένων, πρῶτον μὲν τὴν διάκρισιν τούτων φασὶν ἀδύνατον, πρὸς δὲ ταύτῃ τὸ δεύτερον ἀπορώτερον. τῶν γὰρ τὰ σώματα τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐκβοσκηθέντων ζῴων, ὁπόσα πρὸς τροφὴν ἀνθρώποις ἐπιτήδεια, διὰ τῆς τούτων γαστρὸς ἰόντων καὶ τοῖς τῶν μετειληφότων σώμασιν ἑνουμένων, ἀνάγκην εἶναι πᾶσαν τὰ μέρη τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ὁπόσα τροφὴ γέγονεν τοῖς μετειληφόσι ζῴοις, πρὸς ἕτερα τῶν ἀνθρώπων μεταχωρεῖν σώματα, τῶν μεταξὺ τούτοις τραφέντων ζῴων τὴν ἐξ ὧν ἐτράφησαν τροφὴν διαπορθμευόντων εἰς ἐκείνους τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ὧν ἐγένετο τροφή. εἶτα τούτοις ἐπιτραγῳδοῦσιν τὰς ἐν λιμοῖς καὶ μανίαις τολμηθείσας τεκνοφαγίας καὶ τοὺς κατ' ἐπιβουλὴν ἐχθρῶν ὑπὸ τῶν γεννησαμένων ἐδηδεμένους παῖδας καὶ τὴν Μηδικὴν τράπεζαν ἐκείνην καὶ τὰ τραγικὰ δεῖπνα Θυέστου καὶ τοιαύτας δή τινας ἐπισυνείρουσι παρ' Ἕλλησιν καὶ βαρβάροις καινουργηθείσας συμφορὰς ἔκ τε τούτων κατασκευάζουσιν, ὡς νομίζουσιν, ἀδύνατον τὴν ἀνάστασιν, ὡς οὐ δυναμένων τῶν αὐτῶν μερῶν ἑτέροις τε καὶ ἑτέροις συναναστῆναι σώμασιν, ἀλλ' ἤτοι τὰ τῶν προτέρων συστῆναι μὴ δύνασθαι, μετεληλυθότων τῶν ταῦτα συμπληρούντων μερῶν πρὸς ἑτέρους, ἢ τούτων ἀποδοθέντων τοῖς προτέροις ἐνδεῶς ἕξειν τὰ τῶν ὑστέρων.