the divine institutes

 book i.

 preface.—of what great value the knowledge of the truth is and always has been.

 Chap. i.— of religion and wisdom.

 Chap. II.—That there is a providence in the affairs of men.

 Chap. III.—Whether the universe is governed by the power of one god or of many.

 Chap. IV.—That the one god was foretold even by the prophets.

 Chap. V.—Of the testimonies of poets and philosophers.

 Chap. VI.—Of divine testimonies, and of the sibyls and their predictions.

 chap. VII.—Concerning the testimonies of apollo and the gods.

 Chap. viii.—that god is without a body, nor does he need difference of sex for procreation.

 Chap. IX.—Of hercules and his life and death.

 Chap. X.—Of the life and actions of Æsculapius, apollo, neptune, mars, castor and pollux, mercury and bacchus.

 Chap. xi.—of the origin, life, reign, name and death of jupiter, and of saturn and uranus.

 Chap. xii.—that the stoics transfer the figments of the poets to a philosophical system.

 Chap. xiii.—how vain and trifling are the interpretations of the stoics respecting the gods, and in them concerning the origin of jupiter, concerning

 Chap. xiv.—what the sacred history of euhemerus and ennius teaches concerning the gods.

 Chap. xv.—how they who were men obtained the name of gods.

 Chap. xvi.— by what argument it is proved that those who are distinguished by a difference of sex cannot be gods.

 Chap. xvii.—concerning the same opinion of the stoics, and concerning the hardships and disgraceful conduct of the gods.

 Chap. xviii.—on the consecration of gods, on account of the benefits which they conferred upon men.

 Chap. xix.—that it is impossible for any one to worship the true god together with false deities.

 Chap. xx.—of the gods peculiar to the Romans, and their sacred rites.

 Chap. xxi.—of certain deities peculiar to barbarians, and their sacred rites and in like manner concerning the romans.

 Chap. xxii.—who was the author of the vanities before described in italy among the romans, and who among other nations.

 Chap. xxiii.—of the ages of vain superstitions, and the times at which they commenced.

 the divine institutes.

 Chap. i.—that forgetfulness of reason makes men ignorant of the true god, whom they worship in adversity and despise in prosperity.

 Chap. ii.—what was the first cause of making images of the true likeness of god, and the true worship of him.

 Chap. iii.—that cicero and other men of learning erred in not turning away the people from error.

 Chap. iv.—of images, and the ornaments of temples, and the contempt in which they are held even by the heathens themselves.

 Chap. v.—that god only, the creator of all things, is to be worshipped, and not the elements or heavenly bodies and the opinion of the stoics is refu

 Chap. vI.—that neither the whole universe nor the elements are god, nor are they possessed of life.

 Chap. vii.—of god, and the religious rites of the foolish of avarice, and the authority of ancestors.

 Chap. viii.—of the use of reason in religion and of dreams, auguries, oracles, and similar portents.

 Chap. ix.—of the devil, the world, god, providence, man, and his wisdom.

 Chap. X.—Of the World, and Its Parts, the Elements and Seasons.

 Chap. XI.—Of Living Creatures, of Man Prometheus, Deucalion, the ParcÆ.

 Chap. XII.—That Animals Were Not Produced Spontaneously, But by a Divine Arrangement, of Which God Would Have Given Us the Knowledge, If It Were Advan

 Chap. XIII.—Why Man is of Two Sexes What is His First Death, and What the Second and of the Fault and Punishment of Our First Parents.

 Chap. XIV.—Of Noah the Inventor of Wine, Who First Had Knowledge of the Stars, and of the Origin of False Religions.

 Chap. XV.—Of the Corruption of Angels, and the Two Kinds of Demons.

 Chap. XVI.—That Demons Have No Power Over Those Who are Established in the Faith.

 Chap. XVII.—That Astrology, Soothsaying, and Similar Arts are the Invention of Demons.

 Chap. XVIII.—Of the Patience and Vengeance of God, the Worship of Demons, and False Religions.

 Chap. XIX.—Of the Worship of Images and Earthly Objects.

 Chap. XX.—Of Philosophy and the Truth.

 the divine institutes

 Chap. I.—A Comparison of the Truth with Eloquence: Why the Philosophers Did Not Attain to It. Of the Simple Style of the Scriptures.

 Chap. II.—Of Philosophy, and How Vain Was Its Occupation in Setting Forth the Truth.

 Chap. III.—Of What Subjects Philosophy Consists, and Who Was the Chief Founder of the Academic Sect.

 Chap. IV.—That Knowledge is Taken Away by Socrates, and Conjecture by Zeno.

 Chap. V.—That the Knowledge of Many Things is Necessary.

 Chap. VI.—Of Wisdom, and the Academics, and Natural Philosophy.

 Chap. VII.—Of Moral Philosophy, and the Chief Good.

 Chap. VIII.—Of the Chief Good, and the Pleasures of the Soul and Body, and of Virtue.

 Chap. IX.—Of the Chief Good, and the Worship of the True God, and a Refutation of Anaxagoras.

 Chap. X.—It is the Peculiar Property of Man to Know and Worship God.

 Chap. XI.—Of Religion, Wisdom, and the Chief Good.

 Chap. XII.—Of the Twofold Conflict of Body and Soul And of Desiring Virtue on Account of Eternal Life.

 Chap. XIII.—Of the Immortality of the Soul, and of Wisdom, Philosophy, and Eloquence.

 Chap. XIV.—That Lucretius and Others Have Erred, and Cicero Himself, in Fixing the Origin of Wisdom.

 Chap. XV.—The Error of Seneca in Philosophy, and How the Speech of Philosophers is at Variance with Their Life.

 Chap. XVI.—That the Philosophers Who Give Good Instructions Live Badly, by the Testimony of Cicero Therefore We Should Not So Much Devote Ourselves t

 Chap. XVII.—He Passes from Philosophy to the Philosophers, Beginning with Epicurus And How He Regarded Leucippus and Democritus as Authors of Error.

 Chap. XVIII.—The Pythagoreans and Stoics, While They Hold the Immortality of the Soul, Foolishly Persuade a Voluntary Death.

 Chap. XIX.—Cicero and Others of the Wisest Men Teach the Immortality of the Soul, But in an Unbelieving Manner And that a Good or an Evil Death Must

 Chap. XX.—Socrates Had More Knowledge in Philosophy Than Other Men, Although in Many Things He Acted Foolishly.

 Chap. XXI.—Of the System of Plato, Which Would Lead to the Overthrow of States.

 Chap. XXII.—Of the Precepts of Plato, and Censures of the Same.

 Chap. XXIII.—Of the Errors of Certain Philosophers, and of the Sun and Moon.

 Chap. XXIV.—Of the Antipodes, the Heaven, and the Stars.

 Chap. XXV.—Of Learning Philosophy, and What Great Qualifications are Necessary for Its Pursuit.

 Chap. XXVI.—It is Divine Instruction Only Which Bestows Wisdom And of What Efficacy the Law of God is.

 Chap. XXVII.—How Little the Precepts of Philosophers Contribute to True Wisdom, Which You Will Find in Religion Only.

 Chap. XXVIII.—Of True Religion and of Nature. Whether Fortune is a Goddess, and of Philosophy.

 Chap. XXIX.—Of Fortune Again, and Virtue.

 Chap. XXX.—The Conclusion of the Things Before Spoken And by What Means We Must Pass from the Vanity of the Philosophers to True Wisdom, and the Know

 the divine institutes

 Chap. I.—Of the Former Religion of Men, and How Error Was Spread Over Every Age, and of the Seven Wise Men of Greece.

 Chap. II.—Where Wisdom is to Be Found Why Pythagoras and Plato Did Not Approach the Jews.

 Chap. III.—Wisdom and Religion Cannot Be Separated: the Lord of Nature Must Necessarily Be the Father of Every One.

 Chapter IV.—Of Wisdom Likewise, and Religion, and of the Right of Father and Lord.

 Chap. V.—The Oracles of the Prophets Must Be Looked Into And of Their Times, and the Times of the Judges and Kings.

 Chap. VI.—Almighty God Begat His Son And the Testimonies of the Sibyls and of Trismegistus Concerning Him.

 Chap. VII.—Of the Name of Son, and Whence He is Called Jesus and Christ.

 Chap. VIII.—Of the Birth of Jesus in the Spirit and in the Flesh: of Spirits and the Testimonies of Prophets.

 Chap. IX.—Of the Word of God.

 Chap. X.—Of the Advent of Jesus Of the Fortunes of the Jews, and Their Government, Until the Passion of the Lord.

 Chap. XI.—Of the Cause of the Incarnation of Christ.

 Chap. XII.—Of the Birth of Jesus from the Virgin Of His Life, Death, and Resurrection, and the Testimonies of the Prophets Respecting These Things.

 Chap. XIII.—Of Jesus, God and Man And the Testimonies of the Prophets Concerning Him.

 Chap. XIV.—Of the Priesthood of Jesus Foretold by the Prophets.

 Chap. XV.—Of the Life and Miracles of Jesus, and Testimonies Concerning Them.

 Chap. XVI.—Of the Passion of Jesus Christ That It Was Foretold.

 Chap. XVII.—Of the Superstitions of the Jews, and Their Hatred Against Jesus.

 Chap. XVIII.—Of the Lord’s Passion, and that It Was Foretold.

 Chap. XIX.—Of the Death, Burial, and Resurrection of Jesus And the Predictions of These Events.

 Chap. XX.—Of the Departure of Jesus into Galilee After His Resurrection And of the Two Testaments, the Old and the New.

 Chap. XXI.—Of the Ascension of Jesus, and the Foretelling of It And of the Preaching and Actions of the Disciples.

 Chap. XXII.—Arguments of Unbelievers Against the Incarnation of Jesus.

 Chap. XXIII.—Of Giving Precepts, and Acting.

 Chap. XXIV.—The Overthrowing of the Arguments Above Urged by Way of Objection.

 Chap. XXV.—Of the Advent of Jesus in the Flesh and Spirit, that He Might Be Mediator Between God and Man.

 Chap. XXVI.—Of the Cross, and Other Tortures of Jesus, and of the Figure of the Lamb Under the Law.

 Chap. XXVII.—Of the Wonders Effected by the Power of the Cross, and of Demons.

 Chap. XXVIII.—Of Hope and True Religion, and of Superstition.

 Chap. XXIX.—Of the Christian Religion, and of the Union of Jesus with the Father.

 Chap. XXX.—Of Avoiding Heresies and Superstitions, and What is the Only True Catholic Church.

 the divine institutes

 Chap. I.—Of the Non-Condemnation of Accused Persons Without a Hearing of Their Cause From What Cause Philosophers Despised the Sacred Writings Of th

 Chap. II.—To What an Extent the Christian Truth Has Been Assailed by Rash Men.

 Chap. III.—Of the Truth of the Christian Doctrine, and the Vanity of Its Adversaries And that Christ Was Not a Magician.

 Chap. IV.—Why This Work Was Published, and Again of Tertullian and Cyprian.

 Chap. V.—There Was True Justice Under Saturnus, But It Was Banished by Jupiter.

 Chap. VI.—After the Banishment of Justice, Lust, Unjust Laws, Daring, Avarice, Ambition, Pride, Impiety, and Other Vices Reigned.

 Chap. VII.—Of the Coming of Jesus, and Its Fruit And of the Virtues and Vices of that Age.

 Chap. VIII.—Of Justice Known to All, But Not Embraced Of the True Temple of God, and of His Worship, that All Vices May Be Subdued.

 Chap. IX.—Of the Crimes of the Wicked, and the Torture Inflicted on the Christians.

 Chap. X.—Of False Piety, and of False and True Religion.

 Chap XI.—Of the Cruelty of the Heathens Against the Christians.

 Chap. XII.—Of True Virtue And of the Estimation of a Good or Bad Citizen.

 Chapter XIII.—Of the Increase and the Punishment of the Christians.

 Chap. XIV.—Of the Fortitude of the Christians.

 Chap. XV.—Of Folly, Wisdom, Piety, Equity, and Justice.

 Chap. XVI.—Of the Duties of the Just Man, and the Equity of Christians.

 Chap. XVII.—Of the Equity, Wisdom, and Foolishness of Christians.

 Chap. XVIII.—Of Justice, Wisdom, and Folly.

 Chap. XIX.—Of Virtue and the Tortures of Christians, and of the Right of a Father and Master.

 Chap. XX.—Of the Vanity and Crimes, Impious Superstitions, and of the Tortures of the Christians.

 Chap. XXI.—Of the Worship of Other Gods and the True God, and of the Animals Which the Egyptians Worshipped.

 Chap. XXII.—Of the Rage of the Demons Against Christians, and the Error of Unbelievers.

 Chap. XXIII.—Of the Justice and Patience of the Christians.

 Chap. XXIV.—Of the Divine Vengeance Inflicted on the Torturers of the Christians.

 the divine institutes

 Chap. I.—Of the Worship of the True God, and of Innocency, and of the Worship of False Gods.

 Chap. II.—Of the Worship of False Gods and the True God.

 Chap. III.—Of the Ways, and of Vices and Virtues And of the Rewards of Heaven and the Punishments of Hell.

 Chap. IV.—Of the Ways of Life, of Pleasures, Also of the Hardships of Christians.

 Chap. V.—Of False and True Virtue And of Knowledge.

 Chap. VI.—Of the Chief Good and Virtue, and or Knowledge and Righteousness.

 Chap. VII.—Of the Way of Error and of Truth: that It is Single, Narrow, and Steep, and Has God for Its Guide.

 Chap. VIII.—Of the Errors of Philosophers, and the Variableness of Law.

 Chap. IX.—Of the Law and Precept of God Of Mercy, and the Error of the Philosophers.

 Chap. X.—Of Religion Towards God, and Mercy Towards Men And of the Beginning of the World.

 Chap. XI.—Of the Persons Upon Whom a Benefit is to Be Conferred.

 Chap. XII.—Of the Kinds of Beneficence, and Works of Mercy.

 Chap. XIII.—Of Repentance, of Mercy, and the Forgiveness of Sins.

 Chap. XIV.—Of the Affections, and the Opinion of the Stoics Respecting Them And of Virtue, the Vices, and Mercy.

 Chap. XV.—Of the Affections, and the Opinion of the Peripatetics Respecting Them.

 Chap. XVI.—Of the Affections, and the Refutation of the Opinion of the Peripatetics Concerning Them What is the Proper Use of the Affections, and Wha

 Chap. XVII.—Of the Affections and Their Use Of Patience, and the Chief Good of Christians.

 Chap. XVIII.—Of Some Commands of God, and of Patience.

 Chap. XIX.—Of the Affections and Their Use And of the Three Furies.

 Chap. XX.—Of the Senses, and Their Pleasures in the Brutes and in Man And of Pleasures of the Eyes, and Spectacles.

 Chap. XXI.—Of the Pleasures of the Ears, and of Sacred Literature.

 Chap. XXII.—Of the Pleasures of Taste and Smell.

 Chap. XXIII. —De Tactus Voluptate Et Libidine, Atque de Matrimonio Et Continentiâ.

 Chap. XXIV.—Of Repentance, of Pardon, and the Commands of God.

 Chap. XXV.—Of Sacrifice, and of an Offering Worthy of God, and of the Form of Praising God.

 The Divine Institutes.

 Chap. I.—Of the World, and Those Who are About to Believe, and Those Who are Not And in This the Censure of the Faithless.

 Chap. II.—Of the Error of the Philosophers, and of the Divine Wisdom, and of the Golden Age.

 Chap. III.—Of Nature, and of the World And a Censure of the Stoics and Epicureans.

 Chap. IV.—That All Things Were Created for Some Use, Even Those Things Which Appear Evil On What Account Man Enjoys Reason in So Frail a Body.

 Chap. V.—Of the Creation of Man, and of the Arrangement of the World, and of the Chief Good.

 Chap. VI.—Why the World and Man Were Created. How Unprofitable is the Worship of False Gods.

 Chap. VII.—Of the Variety of Philosophers, and Their Truth.

 Chap. VIII.—Of the Immortality of the Soul.

 Chap. IX.—Of the Immortality of the Soul, and of Virtue.

 Chap. X.—Of Vices and Virtues, and of Life and Death.

 Chap. XI.—Of the Last Times, and of the Soul and Body.

 Chap. XII.—Of the Soul and the Body, and of Their Union and Separation and Return.

 Chap. XIII.—Of the Soul, and the Testimonies Concerning Its Eternity.

 Chap. XIV.—Of the First and Last Times of the World.

 Chap. XV.—Of the Devastation of the World and Change of the Empires.

 CHAP. XVI.—OF THE DEVASTATION of the World, and Its Prophetic Omens.

 Chap. XVII.—Of the False Prophet, and the Hardships of the Righteous, and His Destruction.

 Chap. XVIII.—Of the Fortunes of the World at the Last Time, and of the Things Foretold by the Soothsayers.

 Chap. XIX.—Of the Advent of Christ to Judgment, and of the Overcoming of the False Prophet.

 Chap. XX.—Of the Judgment of Christ, of Christians, and of the Soul.

 Chap. XXI.—Of the Torments and Punishments of Souls.

 Chap. XXII.—Of the Error of the Poets, and the Return of the Soul from the Lower Regions.

 Chap. XXIII.—Of the Resurrection of the Soul, and the Proofs of This Fact.

 Chap. XXIV.—Of the Renewed World.

 Chap. XXV.—Of the Last Times, and of the City of Rome.

 Chap. XXVI.—Of the Loosing of the Devil, and of the Second and Greatest Judgment.

 Chap. XXVII.—An Encouragement and Confirmation of the Pious.

 The Epitome of the Divine Institutes.

 The Preface.—The Plan and Purport of the Whole Epitome, And of the Institutions.

 Chap. I.—Of the Divine Providence.

 Chap. II.—That There is But One God, and that There Cannot Be More.

 Chap. III.—The Testimonies of the Poets Concerning the One God.

 Chap. IV.—The Testimonies of the Philosophers to the Unity of God.

 Chap. V.—That the Prophetic Women—That Is, the Sibyls—Declare that There is But One God.

 Chap. VI.—Since God is Eternal and Immortal, He Does Not Stand in Need of Sex and Succession.

 Chap. VII.—Of the Wicked Life and Death of Hercules.

 Chap. VIII.—Of Æsculapius, Apollo, Mars, Castor and Pollux, and of Mercurius and Bacchus.

 Chap. IX.—Of the Disgraceful Deeds of the Gods.

 Chap. X.—Of Jupiter, and His Licentious Life.

 Chap. XI.—The Various Emblems Under Which the Poets Veiled the Turpitude of Jupiter.

 Chap. XII.—The Poets Do Not Invent All Those Things Which Relate to the Gods.

 Chap. XIII.—The Actions of Jupiter are Related from the Historian Euhemerus.

 Chap. XIV.—The Actions of Saturnus and Uranus Taken from the Historians.

 Chap. XX.—Of the Gods Peculiar to the Romans.

 Chap. XXI.—Of the Sacred Rites of the Roman Gods.

 Chap. XXII.—Of the Sacred Rites Introduced by Faunus and Numa.

 Chap. XXIII.—Of the Gods and Sacred Rites of the Barbarians.

 Chap. XXIV.—Of the Origin of Sacred Rites and Superstitions.

 Chap. XXV.—Of the Golden Age, of Images, and Prometheus, Who First Fashioned Man.

 Chap. XXVI.—Of the Worship of the Elements and Stars.

 Chap. XXVII.—Of the Creation, Sin, and Punishment of Man And of Angels, Both Good and Bad.

 Chap. XXVIII.—Of the Demons, and Their Evil Practices.

 Chap. XXIX.—Of the Patience and Providence of God.

 Chap. XXX.—Of False Wisdom.

 Chap. XXXI.—Of Knowledge and Supposition.

 Chap. XXXII.—Of the Sects of Philosophers, and Their Disagreement.

 Chap. XXXIII.—What is the Chief Good to Be Sought in Life.

 Chap. XXXIV.—That Men are Born to Justice.

 Chap. XXXV.—That Immortality is the Chief Good.

 Chap. XXXVI.—Of the Philosophers,—Namely, Epicurus and Pythagoras.

 Chap. XXXVII.—Of Socrates and His Contradiction.

 Chap. XXXVIII.—Of Plato, Whose Doctrine Approaches More Nearly to the Truth.

 Chap. XXXIX.—Of Various Philosophers, and of the Antipodes.

 Chap. XL.—Of the Foolishness of the Philosophers.

 Chap. XLI.—Of True Religion and Wisdom.

 Chap. XLII.—Of Religious Wisdom: the Name of Christ Known to None, Except Himself and His Father.

 Chap. XLIII.—Of the Name of Jesus Christ, and His Twofold Nativity.

 Chap. XLIV.—The Twofold Nativity of Christ is Proved from the Prophets.

 Chap. XLV.—The Power and Works of Christ are Proved from the Scriptures.

 Chap. XLVI.—It is Proved from the Prophets that the Passion and Death of Christ Had Been Foretold.

 Chap. XLVII.—Of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ, the Sending of the Apostles, and the Ascension of the Saviour into Heaven.

 Chap. XLVIII.—Of the Disinheriting of the Jews, and the Adoption of the Gentiles.

 Chap. XLIX.—That God is One Only.

 Chap. L.—Why God Assumed a Mortal Body, and Suffered Death.

 Chap. LI.—Of the Death of Christ on the Cross.

 Chap. LII.—The Hope of the Salvation of Men Consists in the Knowledge of the True God, and of the Hatred of the Heathens Against the Christians.

 Chap. LIII.—The Reasons of the Hatred Against the Christians are Examined and Refuted.

 Chap. LIV.—Of the Freedom of Religion in the Worship of God.

 Chap. LV.—The Heathens Charge Justice with Impiety in Following God.

 Chap. LVI.—Of Justice, Which is the Worship of the True God.

 Chap. LVII.—Of Wisdom and Foolishness.

 Chap. LVIII.—Of the True Worship of God, and Sacrifice.

 Chap. LIX.—Of the Ways of Life, and the First Times of the World.

 Chap. LX.—Of the Duties of Justice.

 Chap. LXI.—Of the Passions.

 Chap. LXII.—Of Restraining the Pleasures of the Senses.

 Chap. LXIII.—That Shows are Most Powerful to Corrupt the Minds.

 Chap. LXIV.—The Passions are to Be Subdued, and We Must Abstain from Forbidden Things.

 Chap. LXV.—Precepts About Those Things Which are Commanded, and of Pity.

 Chap. LXVI.—Of Faith in Religion, and of Fortitude.

 Chap. LXVII.—Of Repentance, the Immortality of the Soul, and of Providence.

 Chap. LXVIII.—Of the World, Man, and the Providence of God.

 Chap. LXIX.—That the World Was Made on Account of Man, and Man on Account of God.

 Chap. LXX.—The Immortality of the Soul is Confirmed.

 Chap. LXXI.—Of the Last Times.

 Chap. LXXII.—Of Christ Descending from Heaven to the General Judgment, and of the Millenarian Reign.

 Chap. LXXIII.—The Hope of Safety is in the Religion and Worship of God.

Chap. V.—There Was True Justice Under Saturnus, But It Was Banished by Jupiter.

Now the promised disputation concerning justice must be given; which is either by itself the greatest virtue, or by itself the fountain of virtue, which not only philosophers sought, but poets also, who were much earlier, and were esteemed as wise before the origin of the name of philosophy. These clearly understood that this justice was absent from the affairs of men; and they feigned that it, being offended with the vices of men, departed from the earth, and withdrew to heaven; and that they may teach what it is to live justly (for they are accustomed to give precepts by circumlocutions), they repeat examples of justice from the times of Saturnus, which they call the golden times, and they relate in what condition human life was while it delayed on the earth.938    [Striking is the language of the Pollio (“Redit et Virgo,” etc.) in which the true Virgin seems to be anticipated.]   And this is not to be regarded as a poetic fiction, but as the truth. For, while Saturnus reigned, the religious worship of the gods not having yet been instituted, nor any939    Ulla. Another reading is “illâ,” as though there were a reference to the family of Saturnus.   race being as yet set apart in the belief of its divinity, God was manifestly worshipped. And therefore there were neither dissensions, nor enmities, nor wars.  

“Not yet had rage unsheathed maddened swords,”

as Germanicus Cæsar speaks in his poem translated from Aratus,940    Germanicus Cæsar, the grandson of Augustus, translated in verse a part of the poems of Aratus. [See p. 36, supra.]    

“Nor had discord been known among relatives.”

No, nor even among strangers: but there were no swords at all to be unsheathed. For who, when justice was present and in vigour, would think respecting his own protection, since no one plotted against him; or respecting the destruction of another, since no one desired anything?  

“They preferred to live content with a simple mode of life,”

as Cicero941    Cicero translated in verse part of the poems of Aratus. [This poet is quoted by St. Paul, του̑ γὰρ καὶ γένος ἐσμέν, Acts xvii. 28. Archdeacon Farrar does not consider the natural and impedantic spirit of the Apostle in suiting this quotation to time and place; and, if it was a common-place proverb, all the more suggestive is the accuracy of the reference to “one of your own poets.”]   relates in his poem; and this is peculiar to our religion. “It was not even allowed to mark out or to divide the plain with a boundary: men sought all things in common;”942    Virg., Georg., i. 126.   since God had given the earth in common to all, that they might pass their life in common, not that mad and raging avarice might claim all things for itself, and that that which was produced for all might not be wanting to any. And this saying of the poet ought so to be taken, not as suggesting the idea that individuals at that time had no private property, but it must be regarded as a poetical figure; that we may understand that men were so liberal, that they did not shut up the fruits of the earth produced for them, nor did they in solitude brood over the things stored up, but admitted the poor to share the fruits of their labour:—  

“Now streams of milk, now streams of nectar flowed.”943    Ovid, Metam., i. 111.  

And no wonder, since the storehouses of the good liberally lay open to all. Nor did avarice intercept the divine bounty, and thus cause hunger and thirst in common; but all alike had abundance, since they who had possessions gave liberally and bountifully to those who had not. But after that Saturnus had been banished from heaven, and had arrived in Latium,—  

“Exiled from his throne

By Jove, his mightier heir,”944    Virg. Æn., viii. 320.  

since the people either through fear of the new king, or of their own accord, had become corrupted and ceased to worship God, and had begun to esteem the king in the place of God, since he himself, almost a parricide, was an example to others to the injury of piety,—  

“The most just Virgin in haste deserted the lands;”945    Germ. Cæs., Arat., 136.  

but not as Cicero says,946    [That is, in his translation of the poetry of Aratus.]    

“And settled, in the kingdom of Jupiter,947948    [Et Jovis in regno, cœlique in parte resedit. For this fragmentary verse we are indebted to our author; other fragments are given in good editions of Cicero. He translated the Phenomena of Aratus in his youth. My (Paris) edition contains nearly the whole.]   and in a part of the heaven.”

For how could she settle or tarry in the kingdom of him who expelled his father from his kingdom, harassed him with war, and drove him as an exile over the whole world?  

“He gave to the black serpents their noxious poison,

And ordered wolves to prowl;”949    Virg., Georg., i. 139.  

that is, he introduced among men hatred, and envy, and stratagem; so that they were poisonous as serpents, and rapacious as wolves. And they truly do this who persecute those who are righteous and faithful towards God, and give to judges the power of using violence against the innocent. Perhaps Jupiter may have done something of this kind for the overthrow and removal of righteousness; and on this account he is related to have made serpents fierce, and to have whetted the spirit of wolves.  

“Then war’s indomitable rage,

And greedy lust of gain;”950    Virg., Æn., viii. 327.  

and not without reason. For the worship of God being taken away, men lost the knowledge of good and evil. Thus the common intercourse of life perished from among then, and the bond of human society was destroyed. Then they began to contend with one another, and to plot, and to acquire for themselves glory from the shedding of human blood.  

CAPUT V. Quae sub Saturno erat vera justitia, hanc Jupiter fugavit.

Nunc reddenda est de justitia proposita disputatio: quae aut ipsa est summa virtus, aut fons est ipsa virtutis; quam non modo philosophi quaesierunt, sed poetae quoque, qui et priores multo fuerunt, et ante natum 0564B philosophiae nomen pro sapientibus habebantur. Hi plane intellexerunt abesse hanc a rebus humanis, eamque finxerunt offensam vitiis hominum, cessisse e terra, in coelumque migrasse; atque ut doceant, quid sit juste vivere, (solent enim praecepta per ambages dare) a Saturni temporibus, quae illi vocant aurea, repetunt exempla justitiae, narrantque in quo statu fuerit humana vita, dum illa in terra moraretur. 0565A Quod quidem non pro poetica fictione, sed pro vero habendum est. Saturno enim regnante, nondum deorum cultibus institutis, nec adhuc ulla gente 0565A ad divinitatis opinionem consecrata, Deus utique colebatur. Et ideo non erant neque dissensiones, neque inimicitiae, neque bella. Nondum vesanos rabies nudaverat enses,ut Germanicus Caesar in Arataeo loquitur carmine: Nec consanguineis fuerat discordia nota.Immo ne alienigenis quidem: sed neque ulli omnino gladii, qui nudarentur, fuerunt. Quis enim praesente ac vigente justitia, aut de tutela sui, cum nemo insidiaretur, aut de pernicie alterius cogitaret, cum nemo quidquam concupisceret? 0565B Malebant tenui contenti vivere cultu,ut Cicero in suo narrat, quod est proprium nostrae religionis. Ne signare quidem, aut partiri limite campum Fas erat: in medium quaerebant.Quippe cum Deus communem omnibus terram dedisset, ut communem degerent vitam, non ut rabida et furens avaritia sibi omnia vendicaret, nec ulli deesset quod omnibus nasceretur. Quod poetae dictum sic accipi oportet, non ut existimemus nihil omnino tum fuisse privati, sed more poetico figuratum; ut intelligamus, tam liberales fuisse homines, ut natas sibi fruges non includerent, nec soli absconditis incubarent, sed pauperes ad communionem proprii laboris 0565C admitterent. 0566A Flumina jam lactis, jam flumina nectaris ibant.Nec mirum, cum promptuaria justorum benigne paterent omnibus; nec avaritia intercipiens beneficia divina, famem sitimque vulgo faceret: sed omnes aequaliter abundarent, cum habentes non habentibus large copioseque donarent. Sed postquam Saturnus a filio pulsus, in Latiumque delatus est, Arma Jovis fugiens, et regnis exsul ademptis;cum jam populus vel novi regis metu, vel sua sponte depravatus, Deum colere desiiset, regemque pro Deo habere coepisset; cum ipse propemodum parricida exemplo caeteris esset ad violandam pietatem: 0566B Deseruit propere terras justissima virgo;sed non, ut ait Cicero: Et Jovis in regno, coelique in parte resedit.Quomodo enim poterat in ejus regno residere, aut commorari, qui patrem regno expulit, bello persecutus est, exsulem toto orbe jactavit? Ille malum virus serpentibus addidit atris, Praedarique lupos jussit:id est, odium, et invidiam, et dolum hominibus insevit, ut tam essent, quam serpentes, venenati, tam rapaces quam lupi. Quod quidem vere faciunt ii qui justos ac fideles Deo persequuntur, dantque judicibus saeviendi adversus innoxios potestatem. 0566C Fortasse aliquid ejusmodi Jupiter fecerit, ad expunandam 0567A tollendamque justitiam; et idcirco efferasse 0567A serpentes, ac lupos acuisse tradatur. Tum belli rabies, et amor successit habendi.Neque immerito. Sublata enim Dei religione, boni quoque ac mali scientiam perdiderunt. Sic hominibus intercidit communitas vitae, et diremptum est foedus societatis humanae. Tum inter se manus conserere coeperunt, et insidiari, et gloriam sibi ex humano sanguine comparare.