Chapter XIII.—The Knowledge of God a Divine Gift, According to the Philosophers.

Everything, then, which falls under a name, is originated, whether they will or not. Whether, then, the Father Himself draws to Himself everyone who has led a pure life, and has reached the conception of the blessed and incorruptible nature; or whether the free-will which is in us, by reaching the knowledge of the good, leaps and bounds over the barriers, as the gymnasts say; yet it is not without eminent grace that the soul is winged, and soars, and is raised above the higher spheres, laying aside all that is heavy, and surrendering itself to its kindred element.

Plato, too, in Meno, says that virtue is God-given, as the following expressions show: “From this argument then, O Meno, virtue is shown to come to those, in whom it is found, by divine providence.” Does it not then appear that “the gnostic disposition” which has come to all is enigmatically called “divine providence?” And he adds more explicitly: “If, then, in this whole treatise we have investigated well, it results that virtue is neither by nature, nor is it taught, but is produced by divine providence, not without intelligence, in those in whom it is found.” Wisdom which is God-given, as being the power of the Father, rouses indeed our free-will, and admits faith, and repays the application of the elect with its crowning fellowship.

And now I will adduce Plato himself, who clearly deems it fit to believe the children of God. For, discoursing on gods that are visible and born, in Timæus, he says: “But to speak of the other demons, and to know their birth, is too much for us. But we must credit those who have formerly spoken, they being the offspring of the gods, as they said, and knowing well their progenitors, although they speak without probable and necessary proofs.” I do not think it possible that clearer testimony could be borne by the Greeks, that our Saviour, and those anointed to prophesy (the latter being called the sons of God, and the Lord being His own Son), are the true witnesses respecting divine things. Wherefore also they ought to be believed, being inspired, he added. And were one to say in a more tragic vein, that we ought not to believe,

yet let him know that it was God Himself that promulgated the Scriptures by His Son. And he, who announces what is his own, is to be believed. “No one,” says the Lord, “hath known the Father but the Son, and he to whom the Son shall reveal Him.”1281    Matt. xi. 27; Luke x. 22. This, then, is to be believed, according to Plato, though it is announced and spoken “without probable and necessary proofs,” but in the Old and New Testament. “For except ye believe,” says the Lord, “ye shall die in your sins.”1282    John viii. 24. And again: “He that believeth hath everlasting life.”1283    John iii. 15, 16, 36, v. 24. “Blessed are all they that put their trust in Him.”1284    Ps. ii. 12. For trusting is more than faith. For when one has believed1285    The text ἐπίστηται, but the sense seems to require ἐπίστευσε. that the Son of God is our teacher, he trusts1286    πέποιθεν, has confidence. that his teaching is true. And as “instruction,” according to Empedocles, “makes the mind grow,” so trust in the Lord makes faith grow.

We say, then, that it is characteristic of the same persons to vilify philosophy, and run down faith, and to praise iniquity and felicitate a libidinous life. But now faith, if it is the voluntary assent of the soul, is still the doer of good things, the foundation of right conduct; and if Aristotle defines strictly when he teaches that ποιεῖν is applied to the irrational creatures and to inanimate things, while πράττειν is applicable to men only, let him correct those who say that God is the maker (ποιητής) of the universe. And what is done (πρακτόν), he says, is as good or as necessary. To do wrong, then, is not good, for no one does wrong except for some other thing; and nothing that is necessary is voluntary. To do wrong, then, is voluntary, so that it is not necessary. But the good differ especially from the bad in inclinations and good desires. For all depravity of soul is accompanied with want of restraint; and he who acts from passion, acts from want of restraint and from depravity.

I cannot help admiring in every particular that divine utterance: “Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that entereth not in by the door into the sheepfold, but climbeth up some other way, the same is a thief and a robber. But he that entereth in by the door is the shepherd of the sheep. To him the porter openeth.” Then the Lord says in explanation, “I am the door of the sheep.”1287    John x. 1–3, 7. Men must then be saved by learning the truth through Christ, even if they attain philosophy. For now that is clearly shown “which was not made known to other ages, which is now revealed to the sons of men.”1288    Eph. iii. 5. For there was always a natural manifestation of the one Almighty God, among all right-thinking men; and the most, who had not quite divested themselves of shame with respect to the truth, apprehended the eternal beneficence in divine providence. In fine, then, Xenocrates the Chalcedonian was not quite without hope that the notion of the Divinity existed even in the irrational creatures. And Democritus, though against his will, will make this avowal by the consequences of his dogmas; for he represents the same images as issuing, from the divine essence, on men and on the irrational animals.1289    [Elucidation VIII.] Far from destitute of a divine idea is man, who, it is written in Genesis, partook of inspiration, being endowed with a purer essence than the other animate creatures. Hence the Pythagoreans say that mind comes to man by divine providence, as Plato and Aristotle avow; but we assert that the Holy Spirit inspires him who has believed. The Platonists hold that mind is an effluence of divine dispensation in the soul, and they place the soul in the body. For it is expressly said by Joel, one of the twelve prophets, “And it shall come to pass after these things, I will pour out of My Spirit on all flesh, and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy.”1290    Joel ii. 28. But it is not as a portion of God that the Spirit is in each of us. But how this dispensation takes place, and what the Holy Spirit is, shall be shown by us in the books on prophecy, and in those on the soul. But “incredulity is good at concealing the depths of knowledge,” according to Heraclitus; “for incredulity escapes from ignorance.”

Πᾶν τοίνυν, ὃ ὑπὸ ὄνομα πίπτει, γεννητόν ἐστιν, ἐάν τε βούλωνται ἐάν τε μή. εἴτ' οὖν ὁ πατὴρ αὐτὸς ἕλκει πρὸς αὑτὸν πάντα τὸν καθαρῶς βεβιωκότα καὶ εἰς ἔννοιαν τῆς μακαρίας καὶ ἀφθάρτου φύσεως κεχωρηκότα, εἴτε τὸ ἐν ἡμῖν αὐτεξούσιον εἰς γνῶσιν ἀφικόμενον τἀγαθοῦ σκιρτᾷ τε καὶ πηδᾷ ὑπὲρ τὰ ἐσκαμμένα, ᾗ φασιν οἱ γυμνασταί, πλὴν οὐ χάριτος ἄνευ τῆς ἐξαιρέτου πτεροῦταί τε καὶ ἀνίσταται καὶ ἄνω τῶν ὑπερκειμένων αἴρεται ἡ ψυχή, πᾶν τὸ βρῖθον ἀποτιθεμένη καὶ ἀποδιδοῦσα τῷ συγγενεῖ. λέγει δὲ καὶ ὁ Πλάτων ἐν τῷ Μένωνι θεόσδοτον τὴν ἀρετήν, ὡς δηλοῦσιν αἱ λέξεις αἵδε· ἐκ μὲν τοίνυν τούτου τοῦ λογισμοῦ, ὦ Μένων, θείᾳ ἡμῖν φαίνεται μοίρᾳ παραγινομένη ἡ ἀρετὴ οἷς παραγίνεται. ἆρ' οὐ δοκεῖ σοι τὴν [οὐκ] εἰς πάντας ἥκουσαν γνωστικὴν ἕξιν θείαν μοῖραν ᾐνίχθαι; σαφέστερον δὲ ἐπιφέρει· εἰ δὲ νῦν ἡμεῖς ἐν παντὶ τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ καλῶς ἐζητήσαμεν, ἀρετὴ ἂν εἴη οὔτε φύσει οὔτε διδακτόν, ἀλλὰ θείᾳ μοίρᾳ παραγιγνόμενον, οὐκ ἄνευ νοῦ, οἷς ἂν παραγίγνηται. θεόσδοτος τοίνυν ἡ σοφία, δύναμις οὖσα τοῦ πατρός, προτρέπει μὲν ἡμῶν τὸ αὐτεξούσιον, ἀποδέχεται δὲ τὴν πίστιν καὶ ἀμείβεται τὴν ἐπίστασιν τῆς ἐκλογῆς ἄκρᾳ κοινωνίᾳ. καὶ δὴ αὐτόν σοι Πλάτωνα παραστήσω ἄντικρυς ἤδη θεοῦ παισὶ πιστεύειν ἀξιοῦντα· περὶ γὰρ θεῶν ὁρατῶν τε καὶ γενητῶν ποιησάμενος τὸν λόγον ἐν τῷ Τιμαίῳ περὶ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων δαιμόνων εἰπεῖν καὶ γνῶναι τὴν γένεσιν φησὶ μεῖζον ἢ καθ' ἡμᾶς, πειστέον δὲ τοῖς εἰρηκόσιν ἔμπροσθεν, ἐκγόνοις μὲν θεῶν οὖσιν, ὡς ἔφασαν, σαφῶς δέ πως τοὺς ἑαυτῶν προγόνους εἰδότων. ἀδύνατον οὖν θεῶν παισὶν ἀπιστεῖν, καίπερ ἄνευ εἰκότων καὶ ἀναγκαίων ἀποδείξεων λέγουσιν. οὐκ οἶμαι δύνασθαι σαφέστερον ὑπὸ Ἑλλήνων προσμαρτυρήσεσθαι τὸν σωτῆρα ἡμῶν καὶ τοὺς εἰς προφητείαν κεχρισμένους, τοὺς μὲν παῖδας θεοῦ ἀνηγορευμένους, τὸν δὲ κύριον υἱὸν ὄντα γνήσιον, ἀληθεῖς εἶναι περὶ τῶν θείων μάρκυρας· διὸ καὶ δεῖν πιστεύειν αὐτοῖς ἐνθέοις οὖσι προσέθηκε. κἂν τραγικώτερον εἴπῃ τις μὴ πιστεύειν· οὐ γάρ τί μοι Ζεὺς ἦν ὁ κηρύξας τάδε, ἀλλ' ἴστω αὐτὸν τὸν θεὸν διὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ τὰς γραφὰς κηρύξαντα. πιστὸς δὲ ὁ τὰ οἰκεῖα καταγγέλλων, ἐπεὶ μηδεὶς φησὶν ὁ κύριος τὸν πατέρα ἔγνω, εἰ μὴ ὁ υἱὸς καὶ ᾧ ἂν ὁ υἱὸς ἀποκαλύψῃ. πιστευτέον ἄρα τούτῳ καὶ κατὰ Πλάτωνα, κἂν ἄνευ γε εἰκότων καὶ ἀναγκαίων ἀποδείξεων διά τε τῆς παλαιᾶς διά τε τῆς νέας διαθήκης κηρύσσηται καὶ λέγηται. ἐὰν γὰρ μὴ πιστεύσητε, φησὶν ὁ κύριος, ἀποθανεῖσθε ἐν ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ὑμῶν· ἔμπαλιν δέ· ὁ πιστεύων ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον. μακάριοι ἄρα πάντες οἱ πεποιθότες ἐπ' αὐτῷ. πλεῖόν ἐστι τῆς πίστεως τὸ πεποιθέναι· ὅταν γὰρ ἐπίστηταί τις ὅτι ὁ υἱός ἐστι τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ διδάσκαλος ἡμῶν, πέποιθεν ἀληθῆ εἶναι τὴν διδασκαλίαν αὐτοῦ. ὡς δὲ ἡ μάθησις κατ' Ἐμπεδοκλέα τὰς φρένας αὔξει, οὕτως ἡ εἰς τὸν κύριον πεποίθησις αὔξει τὴν πίστιν. τῶν αὐτῶν γοῦν φαμεν εἶναι φιλοσοφίαν μὲν ψέγειν, πίστεως δὲ κατατρέχειν ἀδικίαν τε ἐπαινεῖν καὶ τὸν κατ' ἐπιθυμίαν βίον εὐδαιμονίζειν. Ἤδη δὲ ἡ πίστις εἰ καὶ ἑκούσιος τῆς ψυχῆς συγκατάθεσις, ἀλλὰ ἐργάτις ἀγαθῶν καὶ δικαιοπραγίας θεμέλιος. κἂν ὁ Ἀριστοτέλης τεχνολογῇ, τὸ μὲν ποιεῖν καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀλόγων ζῴων τάσσεσθαι καὶ ἐπὶ ἀψύχων διδάσκων, τὸ δὲ πράττειν ἀνθρώπων εἶναι μόνων, εὐθυνέτω τοὺς λέγοντας ποιητὴν τὸν τῶν ὅλων θεόν. τὸ δὲ πρακτὸν ἢ ὡς ἀγαθὸν ἢ ὡς ἀναγκαῖόν φησι. τὸ τοίνυν ἀδικεῖν ἀγαθὸν οὐκ ἔστιν (οὐδεὶς γὰρ εἰ μὴ διά τι ἕτερον ἀδικεῖ), τῶν δὲ ἀναγκαίων οὐδὲν ἑκούσιον· τὸ τοίνυν ἀδικεῖν ἑκούσιον, ὥστε οὐδὲ ἀναγκαῖον. τῶν δὲ φαύλων οἱ σπουδαῖοι μάλιστα ταῖς τε αἱρέσεσι καὶ ταῖς ἀστείαις ἐπιθυμίαις διαφέρουσιν. πᾶσα γὰρ μοχθηρία ψυχῆς μετὰ ἀκρασίας ἐστίν, καὶ ὁ διὰ πάθος πράττων δι' ἀκρασίαν πράττει καὶ μοχθηρίαν. ἔπεισιν οὖν μοι παρ' ἕκαστα θαυμάζειν τὴν θείαν ἐκείνην φωνήν· ἀμὴν ἀμήν, λέγω ὑμῖν· ὁ μὴ εἰσερχόμενος διὰ τῆς θύρας εἰς τὴν αὐλὴν τῶν προβάτων, ἀλλὰ ἀναβαίνων ἀλλαχόθεν, ἐκεῖνος κλέπτης ἐστὶ καὶ λῃστής· ὁ δὲ εἰσερχόμενος διὰ τῆς θύρας ποιμήν ἐστι τῶν προβάτων· τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει. εἶτα ἐπεξηγούμενος ὁ κύριος λέγει· ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων. δεῖ τοίνυν διὰ Χριστοῦ τὴν ἀλήθειαν μεμαθηκότας σῴζεσθαι, κἂν φιλοσοφήσαντες τὴν Ἑλληνικὴν φιλοσοφίαν τύχωσιν· νῦν γὰρ ἐδείχθη ἐναργῶς, ὃ ἑτέραις γενεαῖς οὐκ ἐγνωρίσθη τοῖς υἱοῖς τῶν ἀνθρώπων, νῦν ἀπεκαλύφθη· θεοῦ μὲν γὰρ ἔμφασις ἑνὸς ἦν τοῦ παντοκράτορος παρὰ πᾶσι τοῖς εὖ φρονοῦσι πάντοτε φυσική, καὶ τῆς ἀιδίου κατὰ τὴν θείαν πρόνοιαν εὐεργεσίας ἀντελαμβάνοντο οἱ πλεῖστοι, οἱ καὶ μὴ τέλεον ἀπηρυθριακότες πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν. καθόλου γοῦν τὴν περὶ τοῦ θείου ἔννοιαν Ξενοκράτης ὁ Καλχηδόνιος οὐκ ἀπελπίζει καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἀλόγοις ζῴοις, ∆ημόκριτος δέ, κἂν μὴ θέλῃ, ὁμολογήσει διὰ τὴν ἀκολουθίαν τῶν δογμάτων· τὰ γὰρ αὐτὰ πεποίηκεν εἴδωλα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις προσπίπτοντα καὶ τοῖς ἀλόγοις ζῴοις ἀπὸ τῆς θείας οὐσίας. πολλοῦ γε δεῖ ἄμοιρον εἶναι θείας ἐννοίας τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ὅς γε καὶ τοῦ ἐμφυσήματος ἐν τῇ γενέσει μεταλαβεῖν ἀναγέγραπται, καθαρωτέρας οὐσίας παρὰ τὰ ἄλλα ζῷα μετασχών. ἐντεῦθεν οἱ ἀμφὶ τὸν Πυθαγόραν θείᾳ μοίρᾳ τὸν νοῦν εἰς ἀνθρώπους ἥκειν φασί, καθάπερ Πλάτων καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης ὁμολογοῦσιν. ἀλλ' ἡμεῖς μὲν τῷ πεπιστευκότι προσεπιπνεῖσθαι τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμά φαμεν, οἳ δὲ ἀμφὶ τὸν Πλάτωνα νοῦν μὲν ἐν ψυχῇ θείας μοίρας ἀπόρροιαν ὑπάρχοντα, ψυχὴν δὲ ἐν σώματι κατοικίζουσιν· ἀναφανδὸν γὰρ διὰ Ἰωὴλ ἑνὸς τῶν δώδεκα προφητῶν εἴρηται· καὶ ἔσται μετὰ ταῦτα, ἐκχεῶ ἀπὸ τοῦ πνεύματός μου ἐπὶ πᾶσαν σάρκα, καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ ὑμῶν καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες ὑμῶν προφητεύσουσιν. ἀλλ' οὐχ ὡς μέρος θεοῦ ἐν ἑκάστῳ ἡμῶν τὸ πνεῦμα. ὅπως δὲ ἡ διανομὴ αὕτη καὶ ὅ τί ποτέ ἐστι τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα, ἐν τοῖς Περὶ προφητείας κἀν τοῖς Περὶ ψυχῆς ἐπιδειχθήσεται ἡμῖν. ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν τῆς γνώσεως βάθη κρύπτειν ἀπιστίη ἀγαθὴ καθ' Ἡράκλειτον, ἀπιστίη γὰρ διαφυγγάνει μὴ γιγνώσκεσθαι.