Chapter VIII.—The Demons Sin Among Mankind.

But men form the material (ὑπόθεσις) of their apostasy. For, having shown them a plan of the position of the stars, like dice-players, they introduced Fate, a flagrant injustice. For the judge and the judged are made so by Fate; the murderers and the murdered, the wealthy and the needy, are the offspring of the same Fate; and every nativity is regarded as a theatrical entertainment by those beings of whom Homer says,—

But must not those who are spectators of single combats and are partisans on one side or the other, and he who marries and is a pæderast and an adulterer, who laughs and is angry, who flees and is wounded, be regarded as mortals? For, by whatever actions they manifest to men their characters, by these they prompt their hearers to copy their example. And are not the demons themselves, with Zeus at their head, subjected to Fate, being overpowered by the same passions as men? And, besides, how are those beings to be worshipped among whom there exists such a great contrariety of opinions? For Rhea, whom the inhabitants of the Phrygian mountains call Cybele, enacted emasculation on account of Attis, of whom she was enamoured; but Aphrodité is delighted with conjugal embraces. Artemis is a poisoner; Apollo heals diseases. And after the decapitation of the Gorgon, the beloved of Poseidon, whence sprang the horse Pegasus and Chrysaor, Athené and Asclepios divided between them the drops of blood; and, while he saved men’s lives by means of them, she, by the same blood, became a homicide and the instigator of wars. From regard to her reputation, as it appears to me, the Athenians attributed to the earth the son born of her connection with Hephæstos, that Athené might not be thought to be deprived of her virility by Hephæstos, as Atalanta by Meleager. This limping manufacturer of buckles and earrings, as is likely, deceived the motherless child and orphan with these girlish ornaments. Poseidon frequents the seas; Ares delights in wars; Apollo is a player on the cithara; Dionysus is absolute sovereign of the Thebans; Kronos is a tyrannicide; Zeus has intercourse with his own daughter, who becomes pregnant by him. I may instance, too, Eleusis, and the mystic Dragon, and Orpheus, who says,—

Aïdoneus carries off Koré, and his deeds have been made into mysteries; Demeter bewails her daughter, and some persons are deceived by the Athenians. In the precincts of the temple of the son of Leto is a spot called Omphalos; but Omphalos is the burial-place of Dionysus. You now I laud, O Daphne!—by conquering the incontinence of Apollo, you disproved his power of vaticination; for, not foreseeing what would occur to you,22    On fleeing from Apollo, she became a bay-tree. he derived no advantage from his art. Let the far-shooting god tell me how Zephyrus slew Hyacinthus. Zephyrus conquered him; and in accordance with the saying of the tragic poet,—

conquered by a slight breeze, Apollo lost his beloved.

8.1 Ὑπόθεσις δὲ αὐτοῖς τῆς ἀποστασίας οἱ ἄνθρωποι γίνονται. διάγραμμα γὰρ αὐτοῖς ἀστροθεσίας ἀναδείξαντες ὥσπερ οἱ τοῖς κύβοις παίζοντες, τὴν εἱμαρμένην εἰσηγήσαντο λίαν ἄδικον. ὅ τε γὰρ κρίνων καὶ ὁ κρινόμενος καθ' εἱμαρμένην εἰσὶν γεγονότες, καὶ οἱ φονεύοντες καὶ οἱ φονευόμενοι καὶ οἱ πλουτοῦντες καὶ οἱ πενόμενοι τῆς αὐτῆς εἱμαρμένης ὑπάρχουσιν ἀπογεννήματα, πᾶσά τε γένεσις ὥσπερ ἐν θεάτρῳ τερπωλὴν παρέσχε τούτοις, παρ' οἷς, ὥς φησιν Ὅμηρος, ἄσβεστος δ' ἄρ' ἐνῶρτο γέλως μακάρεσσι θεοῖσιν. οἱ γὰρ τοὺς μονομαχοῦντας βλέποντες καὶ θάτερος θατέρῳ σπουδάζων *** καὶ ὁ γαμῶν καὶ παιδοφθορῶν καὶ μοιχεύων γελῶν τε καὶ ὀργιζόμενος φεύγων τε καὶ τιτρωσκόμενος πῶς οὐχὶ θνητὸς 8.2 εἶναι νομισθήσεται; δι' ὧν γὰρ ἑαυτοὺς ὁποῖοί τινες πεφύκασι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις πεφανερώκασι, διὰ τούτων τοὺς ἀκούοντας ἐπὶ τὰ ὅμοια προὐτρέψαντο. καὶ μήτι γε οἱ δαίμονες αὐτοὶ μετὰ τοῦ ἡγουμένου αὐτῶν ∆ιὸς ὑπὸ τὴν εἱμαρμένην πεπτώκασι τοῖς αὐτοῖς πάθεσιν οἷσπερ καὶ οἱ ἄνθρωποι κρατηθέντες. καὶ ἄλλως δὲ πῶς τιμητέον τούτους παρ' οἷς δογμάτων ἐναντιότης ἐστὶ πολλή; Ῥέα μὲν γάρ, ἣν οἱ ἀπὸ τῶν Φρυγίων ὀρῶν Κυβέλην φασίν, ἀποτμήσεις αἰδοίων νενομοθέτηκεν διὰ τὸν ἐρώμενον ταύτης Ἄττιν· Ἀφροδίτη δὲ γάμου πλοκαῖς ἥδεται. μάγος ἐστιν ἡ Ἄρτεμις, θεραπεύει ὁ Ἀπόλλων. καὶ μετὰ τὴν Γοργοῦς καρατομίαν τῆς Ποσειδῶνος ἐρωμένης, ἀφ' ἧς Πήγασος ὁ ἵππος καὶ 8.3 ὁ Χρυσάωρ ἀνέθορε, τὰς σταγόνας τῶν αἱμάτων ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ καὶ ὁ Ἀσκληπιὸς διενείμαντο· καὶ ὁ μὲν ἀπ' αὐτῶν ἔσωζεν, ἡ δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν ὁμοίων λύθρων ἀνθρωποκτόνος ἡ πολεμοποιὸς ἐγίνετο. ταύτην μοι δοκοῦσιν Ἀθηναῖοι μὴ βουληθέντες διαβάλλειν καὶ τὸν ἀπὸ τῆς Ἡφαίστου μίξεως γινόμενον τῇ Γῇ προσάπτειν, ἵνα μὴ νομίζηται καθάπερ ἡ Ἀταλάντη διὰ τὸν Μελέαγρον, οὕτω καὶ ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ διὰ τὸν Ἥφαιστον τῆς ἀνδρείας ἐστερῆσθαι. ὁ γὰρ _ἀ_μ_φ_ι_γ_υ_ή_ε_ι_ς, ὡς εἰκός, ὁ _π_ό_ρ_π_α_ς καὶ _γ_ν_α_μ_π_τ_ὰ_ς_ _ἕ_λ_ι_κ_α_ς δημιουργῶν τοῖς κοροκοσμίοις ἠπάτησε τὴν ἀμήτορα παῖδα καὶ ὀρφανήν. Ποσειδῶν ναυτίλλεται, πολέμοις Ἄρης ἥδεται, κιθαριστής ἐστιν ὁ Ἀπόλλων, Θηβαίοις ∆ιόνυσος τυραννεῖ, Κρόνος τυραννοκτονεῖ. Ζεὺς καὶ 8.4 θυγατρὶ συγγίνεται, καὶ ἡ θυγάτηρ ἀπ' αὐτοῦ κυεῖ. 8.4 μαρτυρήσει μοι νῦν Ἐλευσὶς καὶ δράκων ὁ μυστικὸς καὶ Ὀρφεὺς ὁ _θ_ύ_ρ_α_ς_ _δ_'_ _ἐ_π_ί_θ_ε_σ_θ_ε_ _β_ε_β_ή_λ_ο_ι_ς λέγων. Ἀϊδωνεὺς ἁρπάζει τὴν Κόρην, καὶ αἱ πράξεις αὐτοῦ γεγόνασι μυστήρια· κλαίει ∆ημήτηρ τὴν θυγατέρα, καί τινες ἀπατῶνται διὰ τοὺς Ἀθηναίους. ἐν τῷ τεμένει τοῦ Λητοΐδου καλεῖταί τις ὀμφαλός· ὁ δ' ὀμφαλὸς τάφος ἐστὶν ∆ιονύσου. ἐπαινῶ σὲ νῦν, ὦ ∆άφνη· τὴν ἀκρασίαν τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος νικήσασα ἤλεγξας αὐτοῦ τὴν μαντικήν, ὅτι μὴ προγνοὺς τὰ περὶ σὲ τῆς αὑτοῦ τέχνης οὐκ ὤνατο. λεγέτω μοι νῦν ὁ ἑκατηβόλος πῶς Ὑάκινθον διεχρήσατο Ζέφυρος. Ζέφυρος αὐτὸν νενίκηκεν· καὶ τοῦ τραγῳδοποιοῦ λέγοντος _α_ὔ_ρ_α 8.5 _θ_ε_ῶ_ν_ _ὄ_χ_η_μ_α_ _τ_ι_μ_ι_ώ_τ_α_τ_ο_ν, ὑπὸ βραχείας αὔρας νικηθεὶς ἀπώλεσε τὸν ἐρώμενον.