The Apology of Aristides the Philosopher.

 I.  I, O King, by the grace of God came into this world and when I had considered the heaven and the earth and the seas, and had surveyed the sun and

 II.  Since, then, we have addressed you concerning God, so far as our discourse can bear upon him, let us now come to the race of men, that we may kno

 III.  Let us begin, then, with the Barbarians, and go on to the rest of the nations one after another, that we may see which of them hold the truth as

 IV.  Let us turn now, O King, to the elements in themselves, that we may make clear in regard to them, that they are not gods, but a created thing, li

 V.  In the same way, again, those erred who believed the waters to be gods.  For the waters were created for the use of man, and are put under his rul

 VI.  So also they erred who believed that the sun is a god.  For we see that it is moved by the compulsion of another, and revolves and makes its jour

 VII.  And those who believed of the men of the past, that some of them were gods, they too were much mistaken.  For as you yourself allow, O King, man

 VIII.  Let us turn further to the Greeks also, that we may know what opinion they hold as to the true God.  The Greeks, then, because they are more su

 IX.  Let us proceed further to their account of their gods that we may carefully demonstrate all that is said above.  First of all, the Greeks bring f

 X.  Again they bring forward as another god Hephaistos.  And they say of him, that he is lame, and a cap is set on his head, and he holds in his hands

 XI.  And after him they bring forward another god and call him Apollon.  And they say that he is jealous and inconstant, and at times he holds the bow

 XII.  The Egyptians, moreover, because they are more base and stupid than every people that is on the earth, have themselves erred more than all.  For

 XIII.  But it is a marvel, O King, with regard to the Greeks, who surpass all other peoples in their manner of life and reasoning, how they have gone

 XIV.  Let us come now, O King, to the history of the Jews also, and see what opinion they have as to God.  The Jews then say that God is one, the Crea

 XV.  But the Christians, O King, while they went about and made search, have found the truth and as we learned from their writings, they have come ne

 XVI.  Such, O King, is the commandment of the law of the Christians, and such is their manner of life.  As men who know God, they ask from Him petitio

 XVII.  Thus far, O King, I have spoken for concerning that which remains, as is said above, there are found in their other writings things which are

XI.  And after him they bring forward another god and call him Apollon.  And they say that he is jealous and inconstant, and at times he holds the bow and quiver, and again the lyre and plectron.  And he utters oracles for men that he may receive rewards from them.  Is then this god in need of rewards?  But it is an insult that all these things should be found with a god.

And after him they bring forward as a goddess Artemis, the sister of Apollo; and they say that she was a huntress and that she herself used to carry a bow and bolts, and to roam about upon the mountains, leading the hounds to hunt stags or wild boars of the field.  But it is disgraceful that a virgin maid should roam alone upon the hills or hunt in the chase for animals.  Wherefore it is impossible that Artemis should be a goddess.

Again they say of Aphrodite that she indeed is a goddess.  And at times she dwells with their gods, but at other times she is a neighbour to men.  And once she had Ares as a lover, and again Adonis who is Tammuz.  Once also, Aphrodite was wailing and weeping for the death of Tammuz, and they say that she went down to Sheol that she might redeem Adonis from Persephone, who is the daughter of Sheol (Hades).  If then Aphrodite is a goddess and was unable to help her lover at his death, how will she find it possible to help others?  And this cannot be listened to, that a divine nature should come to weeping and wailing and adultery.

And again they say of Tammuz that he is a god.  And he is, forsooth! a hunter and an adulterer.  And they say that he was killed by a wound from a wild boar, without being able to help himself.  And if he could not help himself, how can he take thought for the human race?  But that a god should be an adulterer or a hunter or should die by violence is impossible.

Again they say of Rhea that she is the mother of their gods.  And they say that she had once a lover Atys, and that she used to delight in depraved men.  And at last she raised a lamentation and mourned for Atys her lover.  If then the mother of their gods was unable to help her lover and deliver him from death, how can she help others?  So it is disgraceful that a goddess should lament and weep and take delight in depraved men.

Again they introduce Kore and say that she is a goddess, and she was stolen away by Pluto, and could not help herself.  If then she is a goddess and was unable to help herself how will she find means to help others?  For a god who is stolen away is very powerless.

All this, then, O King, have the Greeks brought forward concerning their gods, and they have invented and declared it concerning them.  And hence all men received an impulse to work all profanity and all defilements; and hereby the whole earth was corrupted.

[11] Τὸν δὲ Ἀπόλλωνα παρεισάγουσι θεὸν εἶναι ζηλωτήν, ἔτι δὲ καὶ τόξον καὶ φαρέτραν κρατοῦντα, ποτὲ δὲ καὶ κιθάραν καὶ ἐπαυθίδα καὶ μαντευόμενον τοῖς ἀνθρώποις χάριν μισθοῦ. ἆρα ἐπενδεής ἐστιν; ὅπερ οὐκ ἐνδέχεται θεὸν εἶναι ἐνδεῆ καὶ ζηλωτὴν καὶ κιθαρῳδόν. Ἄρτεμιν δὲ παρεισάγουσιν ἀδελφὴν αὐτοῦ εἶναι, κυνηγὸν οὖσαν, καὶ τόξον ἔχειν μετὰ φαρέτρας, καὶ ταύτην ῥέμβεσθαι κατὰ τῶν ὀρέων μόνην μετὰ τῶν κυνῶν, ὅπως θηρεύσῃ ἔλαφον ἢ κάπρον. πῶς οὖν ἔσται θεὸς ἡ τοιαύτη γυνὴ καὶ κυνηγὸς καὶ ῥεμβομένη μετὰ τῶν κυνῶν; Ἀφροδίτην δὲ λέγουσι καὶ αὐτὴν θεὰν εἶναι, μοιχαλίδα οὖσαν. ποτὲ γὰρ ἔσχε μοιχὸν τὸν Ἄρην, ποτὲ δὲ Ἀγχίσην, ποτὲ δὲ Ἄδωνιν, οὗτινος καὶ τὸν θάνατον κλαίει ζητοῦσα τὸν ἐραστὴν αὐτῆς: ἣν λέγουσιν καὶ εἰς Ἅιδου καταβαίνειν, ὅπως ἐξαγοράσῃ τὸν Ἄδωνιν ἀπὸ τῆς Περσεφόνης. εἶδες, ὦ βασιλεῦ, μείζονα ταύτης ἀφροσύνην; θεὰν παρεισάγειν τὴν μοιχεύουσαν καὶ θρηνοῦσαν καὶ κλαίουσαν; Ἄδωνιν δὲ παρεισάγουσι θεὸν εἶναι, κυνηγὸν ὄντα καὶ τοῦτον βιαίως ἀποθανεῖν πληγέντα ὑπὸ τοῦ ὑὸς ἀγρίου καὶ μὴ δυνηθέντα βοηθῆσαι τῇ ταλαιπωρίᾳ αὐτοῦ. πῶς οὖν τῶν ἀνθρώπων φροντίδα ποιήσεται ὁ μοιχὸς καὶ κυνηγὸς καὶ βιαιοθάνατος; ταῦτα πάντα καὶ πολλὰ τοιαῦτα καὶ πολλῷ πλέον αἰσχρότερα καὶ πονηρότερα παρεισήγαγον οἱ Ἕλληνες, βασιλεῦ, [πλάσαντες] περὶ τῶν θεῶν αὐτῶν, ἃ οὔτε λέγειν θέμις οὐτ' ἐπὶ μνήμης ὅλως φέρειν. ὅθεν λαμβάνοντες οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἀφορμὴν ἀπὸ τῶν θεῶν αὐτῶν ἔπραττον πᾶσαν ἀνομίαν καὶ ἀσέλγειαν καὶ ἀσέβειαν καταμιαίνοντες γῆν τε καὶ ἀέρα ταῖς δειναῖς αὐτῶν πράξεσιν.