The Apology of Aristides the Philosopher.

 I.  I, O King, by the grace of God came into this world and when I had considered the heaven and the earth and the seas, and had surveyed the sun and

 II.  Since, then, we have addressed you concerning God, so far as our discourse can bear upon him, let us now come to the race of men, that we may kno

 III.  Let us begin, then, with the Barbarians, and go on to the rest of the nations one after another, that we may see which of them hold the truth as

 IV.  Let us turn now, O King, to the elements in themselves, that we may make clear in regard to them, that they are not gods, but a created thing, li

 V.  In the same way, again, those erred who believed the waters to be gods.  For the waters were created for the use of man, and are put under his rul

 VI.  So also they erred who believed that the sun is a god.  For we see that it is moved by the compulsion of another, and revolves and makes its jour

 VII.  And those who believed of the men of the past, that some of them were gods, they too were much mistaken.  For as you yourself allow, O King, man

 VIII.  Let us turn further to the Greeks also, that we may know what opinion they hold as to the true God.  The Greeks, then, because they are more su

 IX.  Let us proceed further to their account of their gods that we may carefully demonstrate all that is said above.  First of all, the Greeks bring f

 X.  Again they bring forward as another god Hephaistos.  And they say of him, that he is lame, and a cap is set on his head, and he holds in his hands

 XI.  And after him they bring forward another god and call him Apollon.  And they say that he is jealous and inconstant, and at times he holds the bow

 XII.  The Egyptians, moreover, because they are more base and stupid than every people that is on the earth, have themselves erred more than all.  For

 XIII.  But it is a marvel, O King, with regard to the Greeks, who surpass all other peoples in their manner of life and reasoning, how they have gone

 XIV.  Let us come now, O King, to the history of the Jews also, and see what opinion they have as to God.  The Jews then say that God is one, the Crea

 XV.  But the Christians, O King, while they went about and made search, have found the truth and as we learned from their writings, they have come ne

 XVI.  Such, O King, is the commandment of the law of the Christians, and such is their manner of life.  As men who know God, they ask from Him petitio

 XVII.  Thus far, O King, I have spoken for concerning that which remains, as is said above, there are found in their other writings things which are

X.  Again they bring forward as another god Hephaistos.  And they say of him, that he is lame, and a cap is set on his head, and he holds in his hands firetongs and a hammer; and he follows the craft of iron working, that thereby he may procure the necessaries of his livelihood.  Is then this god so very needy?  But it cannot be that a god should be needy or lame, else he is very worthless.

And further they bring in another god and call him Hermes.  And they say that he is a thief,12    Adopting Professor Harris’s emendation *** = κλέπτης instead of *** = vir. a lover of avarice, and greedy for gain, and a magician and mutilated and an athlete, and an interpreter of language.  But it is impossible that a god should be a magician or avaricious, or maimed, or craving for what is not his, or an athlete.  And if it be otherwise, he is found to be useless.

And after him they bring forward as another god Asklepios.  And they say that he is a physician and prepares drugs and plaster that he may supply the necessaries of his livelihood.  Is then this god in want?  And at length he was struck with lightning by Dios on account of Tyndareos of Lacedæmon, and so he died.  If then Asklepios were a god, and, when he was struck with lightning, was unable to help himself, how should he be able to give help to others?  But that a divine nature should be in want or be destroyed by lightning is impossible.

And again they bring forward another as a god, and they call him Ares.  And they say that he is a warrior, and jealous, and covets sheep and things which are not his.  And he makes gain by his arms.  And they say that at length he committed adultery with Aphrodite, and was caught by the little boy Eros and by Hephaistos the husband of Aphrodite.  But it is impossible that a god should be a warrior or bound or an adulterer.

And again they say of Dionysos that he forsooth! is a god, who arranges carousals by night, and teaches drunkenness, and carries off women who do not belong to him.  And at length, they say, he went mad and dismissed his handmaidens and fled into the desert; and during his madness he ate serpents.  And at last he was killed by Titanos.  If then Dionysos were a god, and when he was being killed was unable to help himself, how is it possible that he should help others?

Herakles next they bring forward and say that he is a god, who hates detestable things, a tyrant,13    “Tyrant,” ***, seems out of place when connected with Herakles.  Perhaps *** = ebrius, which occurs at the close of the paragraph, should be read here.  Cf. also the Greek. and warrior and a destroyer of plagues.  And of him also they say that at length he became mad and killed his own children, and cast himself into a fire and died.  If then Herakles is a god, and in all these calamities was unable to rescue himself, how should others ask help from him?  But it is impossible that a god should be mad, or drunken or a slayer of his children, or consumed by fire.

[10] Σὺν τούτῳ δὲ καὶ Ἥφαιστόν τινα παρεισάγουσι θεὸν εἶναι καὶ τοῦτον χωλὸν καὶ κρατοῦντα σφῦραν καὶ πυρολάβον καὶ χαλκεύοντα χάριν τροφῆς. ἆρα ἐπενδεής ἐστιν; ὅπερ οὐκ ἐνδέχεται θεὸν εἶναι χωλὸν καὶ προσδεόμενον ἀνθρώπων. εἶτα τὸν Ἡρμῆν παρεισάγουσι θεὸν εἶναι ἐπιθυμητὴν καὶ πλεονέκτην καὶ μάγον καὶ κυλλὸν καὶ λόγων ἑρμηνευτήν. ὅπερ οὐκ ἐνδέχεται θεὸν εἶναι τοιοῦτον. Τὸν δὲ Ἀσκληπιὸν παρεισάγουσι θεὸν εἶναι, ἰατρὸν ὄντα καὶ κατασκευάζοντα φάρμακα καὶ σύνθεσιν ἐμπλάστρων χάριν τροφῆς. ἐπενδεὴς γὰρ ἦν: ὕστερον δὲ κεραυνοῦσθαι αὐτὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ Διὸς διὰ Τυνδάρεων Λακεδαίμονος υἱὸν καὶ ἀποθανεῖν. εἰ δὲ Ἀσκληπιὸς θεὸς ὢν καὶ κεραυνωθεὶς οὐκ ἠδυνήθη ἑαυτῷ βοηθῆσαι πῶς ἄλλοις βοηθήσει; Ἄρης δὲ παρεισάγεται θεὸς εἶναι πολεμιστὴς καὶ ἐπιθυμητὴς θρεμμάτων καὶ ἑτέρων τινῶν: ὕστερον δὲ αὐτὸν μοιχεύοντα τὴν Ἀφροδίτην δεθῆναι αὐτὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ νηπίου Ἔρωτος καὶ ὑπὸ Ἡφαίστου. πῶς οὖν θεός ἐστιν ὁ ἐπιθυμητὴς καὶ πολεμιστὴς καὶ δέσμιος καὶ μοιχός; Τὸν δὲ Διόνυσον παρεισάγουσι θεὸν εἶναι, νυκτερινὰς ἄγοντα ἑορτὰς καὶ διδάσκαλον μέθης καὶ ἀποσπῶντα τὰς τῶν πλησίον γυναῖκας καὶ μαινόμενον καὶ φεύγοντα: ὕστερον δὲ αὐτὸν σφαγῆναι ὑπὸ τῶν Τιτάνων. εἰ οὖν Διόνυσος σφαγεὶς οὐκ ἠδυνήθη ἑαυτῷ βοηθῆσαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ μαινόμενος ἦν καὶ δραπέτης, πῶς ἂν εἴη θεός; Τὸν δὲ Ἡρακλῆν παρεισάγουσι μεθυσθῆναι καὶ μανῆναι καὶ τὰ ἴδια τέκνα σφάξαι, εἶτα πυρὶ ἀναλωθῆναι καὶ οὕτως ἀποθανεῖν. πῶς δ' ἂν εἴη θεὸς μέθυσος καὶ τεκνοκτόνος καὶ κατακαιόμενος; ἢ πῶς ἄλλοις βοηθῆσαι, ἑαυτῷ βοηθῆσαι μὴ δυνηθείς;