The Apology.

 Chapter I.

 Chapter II.

 Chapter III.

 Chapter IV.

 Chapter V.

 Chapter VI.

 Chapter VII.

 Chapter VIII.

 Chapter IX.

 Chapter X.

 Chapter XI.

 Chapter XII.

 Chapter XIII.

 Chapter XIV.

 Chapter XV.

 Chapter XVI.

 Chapter XVII.

 Chapter XVIII.

 Chapter XIX.

 Chapter XX.

 Chapter XXI.

 Chapter XXII.

 Chapter XXIII.

 Chapter XXIV.

 Chapter XXV.

 Chapter XXVI.

 Chapter XXVII.

 Chapter XXVIII.

 Chapter XXIX.

 Chapter XXX.

 Chapter XXXI.

 Chapter XXXII.

 Chapter XXXIII.

 Chapter XXXIV.

 Chapter XXXV.

 Chapter XXXVI.

 Chapter XXXVII.

 Chapter XXXVIII.

 Chapter XXXIX.

 Chapter XL.

 Chapter XLI.

 Chapter XLII.

 Chapter XLIII.

 Chapter XLIV.

 Chapter XLV.

 Chapter XLVI.

 Chapter XLVII.

 Chapter XLVIII.

 Chapter XLIX.

 Chapter L.

Chapter I.

Rulers of the Roman Empire, if, seated for the administration of justice on your lofty tribunal, under the gaze of every eye, and occupying there all but the highest position in the state, you may not openly inquire into and sift before the world the real truth in regard to the charges made against the Christians; if in this case alone you are afraid or ashamed to exercise your authority in making public inquiry with the carefulness which becomes justice; if, finally, the extreme severities inflicted on our people in recently private judgments, stand in the way of our being permitted to defend ourselves before you, you cannot surely forbid the Truth to reach your ears by the secret pathway of a noiseless book.1    Elucidation II. She has no appeals to make to you in regard of her condition, for that does not excite her wonder. She knows that she is but a sojourner on the earth, and that among strangers she naturally finds foes; and more than this, that her origin, her dwelling-place, her hope, her recompense, her honours, are above. One thing, meanwhile, she anxiously desires of earthly rulers—not to be condemned unknown. What harm can it do to the laws, supreme in their domain, to give her a hearing?  Nay, for that part of it, will not their absolute supremacy be more conspicuous in their condemning her, even after she has made her plea? But if, unheard, sentence is pronounced against her, besides the odium of an unjust deed, you will incur the merited suspicion of doing it with some idea that it is unjust, as not wishing to hear what you may not be able to hear and condemn.  We lay this before you as the first ground on which we urge that your hatred to the name of Christian is unjust.  And the very reason which seems to excuse this injustice (I mean ignorance) at once aggravates and convicts it.  For what is there more unfair than to hate a thing of which you know nothing, even though it deserve to be hated?  Hatred is only merited when it is known to be merited. But without that knowledge, whence is its justice to be vindicated? for that is to be proved, not from the mere fact that an aversion exists, but from acquaintance with the subject. When men, then, give way to a dislike simply because they are entirely ignorant of the nature of the thing disliked, why may it not be precisely the very sort of thing they should not dislike? So we maintain that they are both ignorant while they hate us, and hate us unrighteously while they continue in ignorance, the one thing being the result of the other either way of it. The proof of their ignorance, at once condemning and excusing their injustice, is this, that those who once hated Christianity because they knew nothing about it, no sooner come to know it than they all lay down at once their enmity.  From being its haters they become its disciples. By simply getting acquainted with it, they begin now to hate what they had formerly been, and to profess what they had formerly hated; and their numbers are as great as are laid to our charge. The outcry is that the State is filled with Christians—that they are in the fields, in the citadels, in the islands: they make lamentation, as for some calamity, that both sexes, every age and condition, even high rank, are passing over to the profession of the Christian faith; and yet for all, their minds are not awakened to the thought of some good they have failed to notice in it. They must not allow any truer suspicions to cross their minds; they have no desire to make closer trial. Here alone the curiosity of human nature slumbers. They like to be ignorant, though to others the knowledge has been bliss.  Anacharsis reproved the rude venturing to criticise the cultured; how much more this judging of those who know, by men who are entirely ignorant, might he have denounced! Because they already dislike, they want to know no more.  Thus they prejudge that of which they are ignorant to be such, that, if they came to know it, it could no longer be the object of their aversion; since, if inquiry finds nothing worthy of dislike, it is certainly proper to cease from an unjust dislike, while if its bad character comes plainly out, instead of the detestation entertained for it being thus diminished, a stronger reason for perseverance in that detestation is obtained, even under the authority of justice itself. But, says one, a thing is not good merely because multitudes go over to it; for how many have the bent of their nature towards whatever is bad! how many go astray into ways of error! It is undoubted. Yet a thing that is thoroughly evil, not even those whom it carries away venture to defend as good. Nature throws a veil either of fear or shame over all evil. For instance, you find that criminals are eager to conceal themselves, avoid appearing in public, are in trepidation when they are caught, deny their guilt, when they are accused; even when they are put to the rack, they do not easily or always confess; when there is no doubt about their condemnation, they grieve for what they have done. In their self-communings they admit their being impelled by sinful dispositions, but they lay the blame either on fate or on the stars. They are unwilling to acknowledge that the thing is theirs, because they own that it is wicked. But what is there like this in the Christian’s case? The only shame or regret he feels, is at not having been a Christian earlier. If he is pointed out, he glories in it; if he is accused, he offers no defence; interrogated, he makes voluntary confession; condemned he renders thanks. What sort of evil thing is this, which wants all the ordinary peculiarities of evil—fear, shame, subterfuge, penitence, lamenting?  What! is that a crime in which the criminal rejoices? to be accused of which is his ardent wish, to be punished for which is his felicity? You cannot call it madness, you who stand convicted of knowing nothing of the matter.

CAPUT PRIMUM.

Si non licet vobis, Romani imperii antistites , 0259A in aperto et edito ipso fere vertice civitatis praesidentibus ad judicandum, palam dispicere et coram examinare quid sit liquido in caussa Christianorum; si ad hanc solam speciem auctoritas vestra de justitiae diligentia in publico aut timet aut erubescit inquirere; si denique, quod proxime accidit, domesticis judiciis nimis operata sectae hujus infestatio obstruit viam defensioni, liceat veritati vel occulta via tacitarum literarum ad aures vestras pervenire. Nihil illa de caussa sua deprecatur , quia nec de conditione miratur. 0260A Scit se peregrinam in terris agere, inter extraneos facile inimicos invenire, caeterum genus, sedem , spem, gratiam, dignitatem in coelis habere. Unum gestit interdum, ne ignorata damnetur. Quid hinc deperit legibus in suo regno dominantibus, si audiatur? Ad hoc magis gloriabitur potestas earum, quod etiam auditam damnabunt veritatem? Caeterum, inauditam si damnent, praeter invidiam iniquitatis etiam suspicionem merebuntur alicujus conscientiae, nolentes audire, quod auditum damnare non possint. Hanc itaque primam caussam 0261A apud vos collocamus , iniquitatem odii erga nomen Christianorum. Quam iniquitatem idem titulus et onerat et revincit, qui videtur excusare, ignorantia scilicet. Quid enim iniquius, quam ut oderint homines, quod ignorant etiamsi res mereretur odium? Tunc etenim meretur , cum cognoscitur, an mereatur. Vacante autem meriti notitia, unde odii justitia defenditur quae non de eventu, sed de conscientia probanda est? Cum ergo propterea oderint homines , quia ignorant, quale sit quod oderunt, cur non liceat ejusmodi illud esse, quod non debeant 0262A odisse? Ita utrumque ex alterutro redarguimus, et ignorare illos, dum oderunt, et injuste odisse, dum ignorant. Testimonium ignorantiae est, quae iniquitatem, dum excusat, condemnat; cum omnes, qui retro oderant, quia ignorabant quale esset quod oderant, simul ut desinunt ignorare, cessent et odisse. Ex his fiunt Christiani, utique de comperto et incipiunt odisse quod fuerant, et profiteri quod oderant; et sunt tanti , quanti et denotamur . Obsessam vociferantur civitatem , in agris, in castellis, in insulis Christianos; omnem sexum, 0263A aetatem, conditionem, etiam dignitatem transgredi ad hoc nomen quasi detrimento moerent. Nec tamen 0264A hoc ipso modo ad aestimationem alicujus latentis boni promovent animos; non licet rectius suspicari, 0265A non libet propius experiri. Hic tantum humana curiositas torpescit, amant ignorare, cum alii gaudeant cognovisse. Quanto magis hos Anacharsis denotasset imprudentes de prudentibus judicantes, quam immusicos de musicis ! Malunt nescire , quia jam oderunt; adeo quod nesciunt, praejudicant id esse, quod, si sciant, odisse non poterant ; quando si nullum odii debitum deprehendatur, optimum utique sit desinere 0266A injuste odisse; si vero de merito constet, non modo nihil odii detrahatur , sed amplius acquiratur ad perseverantiam, etiam justitiae ipsius auctoritate. Sed non ideo, inquit , bonum, quia multos convertit . Quanti enim ad malum praeformantur , quanti transfugae in perversum? Quis negat ? Tamen quod vere malum est, ne ipsi quidem, quos rapit, defendere pro bono audent. Omne malum aut timore aut pudore natura perfudit . 0267A Denique malefici gestiunt latere , devitant apparere, trepidant deprehensi, negant accusati, ne torti quidem facile aut semper confitentur; certe 0268A condemnati moerent; dinumerant in semetipsos , mentis malae impetus vel fato vel astris imputant; nolunt enim suum esse, quod 0269A malum agnoscunt. Christianos vero, nihil simile ; neminem pudet , neminem poenitet, nisi plane retro non fuisse. Si denotatur, gloriatur; accusatur; non defendit; interrogatus vel ultro confitetur; damnatus gratias agit. Quid hoc mali est quod naturalia mali non habet, timorem, pudorem, tergiversationem, poenitentiam, deplorationem? Quid hoc mali est , cujus reus gaudet? cujus accusatio votum est, et poena felicitas ? Non potes dementiam dicere, qui revinceris ignorare.