Chapter III.—The Soul’s Origin Defined Out of the Simple Words of Scripture.

Would to God that no “heresies had been ever necessary, in order that they which are approved may be made manifest!”19    1 Cor. x. 19. We should then be never required to try our strength in contests about the soul with philosophers, those patriarchs of heretics, as they may be fairly called.20    Compare Tertullian’s Adv. Hermog. c. viii. The apostle, so far back as his own time, foresaw, indeed, that philosophy would do violent injury to the truth.21    Col. ii. 8. This admonition about false philosophy he was induced to offer after he had been at Athens, had become acquainted with that loquacious city,22    Linguatam civitatem. Comp. Acts xvii. 21. and had there had a taste of its huckstering wiseacres and talkers. In like manner is the treatment of the soul according to the sophistical doctrines of men which “mix their wine with water.”23    Isa. i. 22. Some of them deny the immortality of the soul; others affirm that it is immortal, and something more. Some raise disputes about its substance; others about its form; others, again, respecting each of its several faculties. One school of philosophers derives its state from various sources, while another ascribes its departure to different destinations. The various schools reflect the character of their masters, according as they have received their impressions from the dignity24    Honor. of Plato, or the vigour25    Vigor. Another reading has “rigor” (ακληρότης), harshness. of Zeno, or the equanimity26    Tenor. of Aristotle, or the stupidity27    Stupor. of Epicurus, or the sadness28    Mœror. of Heraclitus, or the madness29    Furor. of Empedocles. The fault, I suppose, of the divine doctrine lies in its springing from Judæa30    Isa. ii. 3. rather than from Greece. Christ made a mistake, too, in sending forth fishermen to preach, rather than the sophist. Whatever noxious vapours, accordingly, exhaled from philosophy, obscure the clear and wholesome atmosphere of truth, it will be for Christians to clear away, both by shattering to pieces the arguments which are drawn from the principles of things—I mean those of the philosophers—and by opposing to them the maxims of heavenly wisdom—that is, such as are revealed by the Lord; in order that both the pitfalls wherewith philosophy captivates the heathen may be removed, and the means employed by heresy to shake the faith of Christians may be repressed. We have already decided one point in our controversy with Hermogenes, as we said at the beginning of this treatise, when we claimed the soul to be formed by the breathing31    Flatu. of God, and not out of matter. We relied even there on the clear direction of the inspired statement which informs us how that “the Lord God breathed on man’s face the breath of life, so that man became a living soul”32    Gen. ii. 7.—by that inspiration of God, of course. On this point, therefore, nothing further need be investigated or advanced by us. It has its own treatise,33    Titulus. and its own heretic. I shall regard it as my introduction to the other branches of the subject.

CAPUT III.

Atque utinam nullas haereses oportuisset existere, ut probabiles quique emicarent (I Cor. II, 19), nihil 0651B omnino cum philosophis super anima quoque experiremur, patriarchis, ut ita dixerim, haereticorum. Siquidem et ab Apostolo jam tunc philosophia concussio veritatis providebatur . Athenis enim expertus linguatam civitatem, cum omnes illic sapientiae atque facundiae caupones degustasset, inde concepit praemonitorium illud edictum. Proinde enim et animae ratio, per philosophatas doctrinas hominum miscentes aquas vino. Alii immortalem negant animam, alii plusquam immortalem adfirmant: alii de substantia, alii de forma, alii de unaquaque dispositione disceptant: hi statum ejus aliunde ducunt, hi exitum aliorsum abducunt, prout aut Platonis honor, aut Zenonis vigor , aut Aristotelis tenor, aut Epicuri stupor, aut Heracliti moeror, aut Empedoclis 0651C furor persuaserunt. Deliquit, opinor, divina doctrina, ex Judaea potius quam ex Graecia oriens. Erravit et Christus, piscatores citius quam sophistas ad praeconium emittens. Si qua igitur in hunc modum de nidoribus philosophiae candidum et purum 0652A aerem veritatis infuscant, ea erunt Christianis enubilanda, et percutientibus argumentationes originales, id est philosophicas, et opponentibus definitiones coelestes, id est dominicas: ut et illa quibus ethnici a philosophia capiuntur, destruantur, et haec quibus fideles ab haeresi concutiuntur, retundantur. Una jam congressionne decisa adversus Hermogenem, ut praefati sumus; quia animam ex Dei flatu, non ex materia vindicamus; muniti et illic divinae determinationis inobscurabili regula: Et flavit, inquit, Deus flatum vitae in faciem hominis, et factus est homo in animam vivam, utique ex Dei flatu: de isto nihil amplius revolvendum: Habet suum titulum, et suum haereticum. Caeteris hinc exordium inducam.