Tertullian, On Idolatry

But “let your works shine,” saith He;114 Matt. v. 16. but now all our shops and gates shine! You will now-a-days find more doors of heathens without lamps and laurel-wreaths than of Christians. What does the case seem to be with regard to that species (of ceremony) also? If it is an idol’s honour, without doubt an idol’s honour is idolatry. If it is for a man’s sake, let us again consider that all idolatry is for man’s sake;115 See chap. ix. p. 152, note 4. let us again consider that all idolatry is a worship done to men, since it is generally agreed even among their worshippers that aforetime the gods themselves of the nations were men; and so it makes no difference whether that superstitious homage be rendered to men of a former age or of this. Idolatry is condemned, not on account of the persons which are set up for worship, but on account of those its observances, which pertain to demons. “The things which are Cæsar’s are to be rendered to Cæsar.”116 Matt. xxii. 21; Mark xii. 17; Luke xx. 25. It is enough that He set in apposition thereto, “and to God the things which are God’s.” What things, then, are Cæsar’s? Those, to wit, about which the consultation was then held, whether the poll-tax should be furnished to Cæsar or no. Therefore, too, the Lord demanded that the money should be shown Him, and inquired about the image, whose it was; and when He had heard it was Cæsar’s, said, “Render to Cæsar what are Cæsar’s, and what are God’s to God;” that is, the image of Cæsar, which is on the coin, to Cæsar, and the image of God, which is on man,117 See Gen. i. 26, 27; ix. 6; and comp. 1 Cor. xi. 7. to God; so as to render to Cæsar indeed money, to God yourself. Otherwise, what will be God’s, if all things are Cæsar’s? “Then,” do you say, “the lamps before my doors, and the laurels on my posts are an honour to God?” They are there of course, not because they are an honour to God, but to him who is honour in God’s stead by ceremonial observances of that kind, so far as is manifest, saving the religious performance, which is in secret appertaining to demons. For we ought to be sure if there are any whose notice it escapes through ignorance of this world’s literature, that there are among the Romans even gods of entrances; Cardea (Hinge-goddess), called after hinges, and Forculus (Door-god) after doors, and Limentinus (Threshold-god) after the threshold, and Janus himself (Gate-god) after the gate: and of course we know that, though names be empty and feigned, yet, when they are drawn down into superstition, demons and every unclean spirit seize them for themselves, through the bond of consecration. Otherwise demons have no name individually, but they there find a name where they find also a token. Among the Greeks likewise we read of Apollo Thyræus, i.e. of the door, and the Antelii, or Anthelii, demons, as presiders over entrances. These things, therefore, the Holy Spirit foreseeing from the beginning, fore-chanted, through the most ancient prophet Enoch, that even entrances would come into superstitious use. For we see too that other entrances118 The word is the same as that for “the mouth” of a river, etc. Hence Oehler supposes the “entrances” or “mouths” here referred to to be the mouths of fountains, where nymphs were supposed to dwell. Nympha is supposed to be the same word as Lympha. See Hor. Sat. i. 5, 97; and Macleane’s note. are adored in the baths. But if there are beings which are adored in entrances, it is to them that both the lamps and the laurels will pertain. To an idol you will have done whatever you shall have done to an entrance. In this place I call a witness on the authority also of God; because it is not safe to suppress whatever may have been shown to one, of course for the sake of all. I know that a brother was severely chastised, the same night, through a vision, because on the sudden announcement of public rejoicings his servants had wreathed his gates. And yet himself had not wreathed, or commanded them to be wreathed; for he had gone forth from home before, and on his return had reprehended the deed. So strictly are we appraised with God in matters of this kind, even with regard to the discipline of our family.119 [He seems to refer to some Providential event, perhaps announced in a dream, not necessarily out of the course of common occurrences.] Therefore, as to what relates to the honours due to kings or emperors, we have a prescript sufficient, that it behoves us to be in all obedience, according to the apostle’s precept,120 Rom. xiii. 1, etc.; 1 Pet. ii, 13, 14. “subject to magistrates, and princes, and powers;”121 Tit. iii. 1. but within the limits of discipline, so long as we keep ourselves separate from idolatry. For it is for this reason, too, that that example of the three brethren has forerun us, who, in other respects obedient toward king Nebuchodonosor rejected with all constancy the honour to his image,122 Dan. iii. proving that whatever is extolled beyond the measure of human honour, unto the resemblance of divine sublimity, is idolatry. So too, Daniel, in all other points submissive to Darius, remained in his duty so long as it was free from danger to his religion;123 Dan. vi. for, to avoid undergoing that danger, he feared the royal lions no more than they the royal fires. Let, therefore, them who have no light, light their lamps daily; let them over whom the fires of hell are imminent, affix to their posts, laurels doomed presently to burn: to them the testimonies of darkness and the omens of their penalties are suitable. You are a light of the world,124 Matt. v. 14; Phil. ii. 15. and a tree ever green.125 Ps. i. 1–3; xcii. 12–15. If you have renounced temples, make not your own gate a temple. I have said too little. If you have renounced stews, clothe not your own house with the appearance of a new brothel.

CAPUT XV.

Sed (Matth., V, 16) luceant, inquit , opera vestra. At nunc lucent tabernae et januae nostrae: plures jam invenies ethnicorum fores sine lucernis et laureis quam Christianorum. De ista quoque specie quid videtur? Si idoli honor est, sine dubio idoli honor idololatria est. Si hominis caussa est, recogitemus omnem idololatriam in hominis caussam esse. Recogitemus omnem idololatriam in homines esse culturam, cum ipsos deos nationum homines retro fuisse, etiam apud suos constet. Itaque nihil interest, superioris, an hujus saeculi viris superstitio ista praestetur. 0683B Idololatria non propter personas quae opponuntur , sed propter officia ista damnata est, quae ad daemones pertinent. Reddenda sunt (Matth., XXII) Caesari quae sunt Caesaris, bene quod opposuit, et quae sunt Dei Deo. Quae ergo sunt Caesaris? scilicet de quibus tunc consultatio movebatur, praestandusne esset census Caesari, an non. Ideo et monetam ostendi sibi Dominus postulavit, et de imagine, cujus esset, requisivit. Et cum audisset, Caesaris: Reddite, ait, quae sunt Caesaris Caesari, et quae sunt Dei Deo ; id est imaginem Caesaris Caesari, quae in nummo est, et imaginem Dei Deo, quae in homine est: ut Caesari quidem pecuniam reddas, Deo temetipsum. Alioquin, quid erit Dei, si omnia Caesaris? Ergo, inquis, honor Dei est, lucernae pro foribus, et laurus in postibus? non utique quod 0683C Dei honor est, sed quod ejus qui pro Deo hujusmodi officiis honoratur, quantum in manifesto est, salva operatione quae est in occulto, ad daemonia perveniens. Certi enim esse debemus, si quos latet per ignorantiam litteraturae saecularis, etiam ostiorum deos apud Romanos, Cardeam a cardinibus appellatam, et Forculum a foribus, et Limentinum a limine, et ipsum Janum a janua: et utique scimus, licet nomina inania atque conficta sint, 0684A cum tamen in superstitionem deducuntur, rapere ad se daemonia et omnem spiritum immundum per consecrationis obligamentum. Alioquin daemonia nullum habent nomen singulatim, sed ibi nomen inveniunt, ubi et pignus. Etiam apud Graecos Apollinem θυραῖον, et Antelios daemonas ostiorum praesides legimus. Haec igitur ab initio praevidens Spiritus sanctus, etiam ostia in superstitionem ventura praececinit per antiquissimum prophetam Enoch. Nam et alia ostia in balneis adorari videmus. Si autem eorum sunt quae in ostiis adorentur , ad eos et lucernae et laureae pertinebunt. Idolo feceris, quicquid ostio feceris. Hoc in loco ex auctoritate quoque Dei contestor, quia nec tutum est subtrahere quodcumque uni fuerit ostensum, utique omnium caussa. Scio fratrem per visionem 0684B eadem nocte castigatum graviter, quod januam ejus subito annuntiatis gaudiis publicis servi coronassent. Et tamen non ipse coronaverat, aut praeceperat, nam ante processerat, et regressus reprehenderat factum: adeo apud Dominum in hujusmodi etiam disciplina familiae nostrae aestimatur . Igitur quod attineat ad honores regum vel imperatorum (Rom., XIII, 7), satis praescriptum habemus, in omni obsequio esse nos oportere, secundum Apostoli praeceptum, subditos magistratibus et principibus et potestatibus: sed intra limites disciplinae, quousque ab idololatria separamur. Propterea enim et illud exemplum trium fratrum praecucurrit, qui alias obsequentes erga regem Nabuchodonosor (Dan., III, 12, seqq.), honorem imaginis ejus constantissime respuerunt, 0684C probantes idololatriam esse, quicquid ultra humani honoris modum ad instar divinae sublimitatis extollitur . Sic et Daniel (Dan. VI, 5, seqq.) caetera Dario subnixus, tamdiu fuit in officio, quamdiu a periculo disciplinae vacaret. Nam id ne subiret, non magis leones regios timuit, quam illi regios ignes. Accendant igitur quotidie lucernas, quibus lux nulla est, affigant postibus lauros postmodum arsuras, quibus ignes imminent; illis competunt et testimonia 0685A tenebrarum, et auspicia poenarum (Matth., V). Tu lumen es mundi, et arbor virens semper (Ps. I). Si templis renuntiasti, ne feceris templum januam tuam. Minus dixi: si lupanaribus renuntiasti, ne indueris domi tuae faciem novi lupanaris.