Bl. Maurus Magnentius Rabanus

 Rabbi and Rabbinism

 Rabbulas

 François Rabelais

 Raccolta

 Human Race

 Negro Race

 Rachel

 Jean Racine

 Matthew Rader

 Florens Radewyns

 Joseph Maria von Radowitz

 Radulph of Rivo

 Pierre Raffeix

 Paul Ragueneau

 Diocese of Ragusa

 Johann Michael Raich

 Marcantonio Raimondi

 Rainald of Dassel

 Prefecture Apostolic of Rajpootana

 Sebastian Râle (Rasle)

 Ven. Ralph Crockett

 Bl. Ralph Sherwin

 Pierre François Xavier de Ram

 Ramatha

 The Rambler

 Jean-Philippe Rameau

 Ramsey Abbey

 Peter Ramus

 Jean-Armand le Bouthillier de Rancé

 James Ryder Randall

 Feast of Our Lady of Ransom

 St. Raphael

 Raphael

 Diocese of Raphoe

 René Rapin

 Raskolniks

 Andreas Räss

 Joseph Rathborne

 Ratherius of Verona

 Rationale

 Rationalism

 Ratio Studiorum

 Diocese of Ratisbon

 Maria Alphonse Ratisbonne

 Maria Theodor Ratisbonne

 Ratramnus

 Georg Ratzinger

 Joseph Othmar Rauscher

 Antonio Ravalli

 Archdiocese of Ravenna

 Josse Ravesteyn

 Gustave Xavier Lacroix de Ravignan

 Henry Augustus Rawes

 Charles Raymbault

 Raymond IV, of Saint-Gilles

 Raymond VI

 Raymond VII

 Raymond Lully

 Raymond Martini

 St. Raymond Nonnatus

 St. Raymond of Penafort

 Raymond of Sabunde

 Odorico Raynaldi

 Théophile Raynaud

 François-Juste-Marie Raynouard

 Reading Abbey

 Reason

 Diocese of Recanati and Loreto

 Rechab and the Rechabites

 Recollection

 Rector

 Rector Potens, Verax Deus

 English Recusants

 Feast of the Most Holy Redeemer

 Knights of the Redeemer

 Redemption

 Redemption in the Old Testament

 Penitential Redemptions

 Redemptoristines

 Redemptorists

 Sebastian Redford

 Francesco Redi

 Augustine Reding

 Red Sea

 Reductions of Paraguay

 Referendarii

 The Reformation

 Reformed Churches

 Reform of a Religious Order

 Cities of Refuge

 Sisters of Our Lady of Charity of the Refuge

 Droit de Regale

 Regalia

 Regeneration

 Papal Regesta

 Archdiocese of Reggio di Calabria

 Diocese of Reggio dell' Emilia

 Diocese of Regina

 Regina Coeli (Queen of Heaven)

 Antonin Reginald

 Reginald of Piperno

 Regino of Prüm

 Regionarii

 Jean-Baptiste Régis

 Pierre Sylvain Régis

 Parochial Registers

 Henri Victor Regnault

 Regulæ Juris

 Regulars

 Reichenau

 August Reichensberger

 Peter Reichensberger

 Reifenstein

 Johann Georg Reiffenstuel

 Archdiocese of Reims

 Synods of Reims

 Reinmar of Hagenau

 Carl von Reisach

 Gregor Reisch

 Relationship

 Duties of Relatives

 Relativism

 Relics

 Religion

 Virtue of Religion

 Religious Life

 Reliquaries

 Remesiana

 St. Remigius

 Remigius of Auxerre

 Remiremont

 Ven. Anne-Madeleine Remuzat

 Abbey of Saint Remy

 The Renaissance

 Eusebius Renaudot

 Théophraste Renaudot

 Guido Reni

 Archdiocese of Rennes

 Gaston Jean Baptiste de Renty

 Renunciation

 Reordinations

 Reparation

 Philip Repington

 Altar of Repose

 Reputation (as Property)

 Masses of Requiem

 Rerum Creator Optime

 Rerum Deus Tenax Vigor

 Rerum Novarum

 Papal Rescripts

 Reservation

 Reservation of the Blessed Sacrament

 Reserved Cases

 Ecclesiastical Residence

 Lorenzo Respighi

 Responsorium

 Restitution

 Resurrection

 Congregation of the Resurrection

 Alfred Rethel

 Congregation of the Retreat of the Sacred Heart

 Retreats

 Cardinal Jean-François-Paul-Gondi de Retz

 Johannes Reuchlin

 Alfred von Reumont

 Edmond Reusens

 Reuss

 Volume 14

 Revelation

 Private Revelations

 Revocation

 English Revolution of 1688

 French Revolution

 Rex Gloriose Martyrum

 Rex Sempiterne Cælitum

 Anthony Rey

 William Reynolds

 Prefecture Apostolic of Rhætia

 Rhaphanæa

 Joseph Gabriel Rheinberger

 Rhesæna

 Rhinocolura

 Rhithymna

 Rhizus

 Giacomo Rho

 Rhode Island

 Alexandre de Rhodes

 Rhodes

 Rhodesia

 Rhodiopolis

 Rhodo

 Rhosus

 Rhymed Bibles

 Rhythmical Office

 Pedro de Ribadeneira

 Andrés Pérez De Ribas

 Diocese of Ribeirao Preto

 Jusepe de Ribera

 Ricardus Anglicus

 Nicholas Riccardi

 Lorenzo Ricci

 Matteo Ricci

 Giovanni Battista Riccioli

 Edmund Ignatius Rice

 Richard

 Richard I, King Of England

 Charles-Louis Richard

 Richard de Bury

 François-Marie-Benjamin Richard de la Vergne

 St. Richard de Wyche

 Bl. Richard Fetherston

 Richard of Cirencester

 Richard of Cornwall

 Richard of Middletown

 Richard of St. Victor

 Ven. William Richardson

 Bl. Richard Thirkeld

 Bl. Richard Whiting

 Armand-Jean du Plessis, Duke de Richelieu

 Richer

 Diocese of Richmond

 Ricoldo da Monte di Croce

 Tillmann Riemenschneider

 Cola di Rienzi

 Diocese of Rieti

 Abbey of Rievaulx

 Caspar Riffel

 Ven. John Rigby

 Nicholas Rigby

 Right

 St. Rimbert

 Council of Rimini

 Diocese of Rimini

 Diocese of Rimouski

 Rings

 Giovanni Battista Rinuccini

 Alexis-François Rio

 Diocese of Riobamba

 Prefecture Apostolic of Rio Negro

 Juan Martínez de Ripalda

 Diocese of Ripatransone

 Marquess of Ripon

 Richard Risby

 William Rishanger

 Edward Rishton

 St. Rita of Cascia

 Rites

 Rites in the United States

 Ritschlianism

 Joseph Ignatius Ritter

 Ritual

 Ritualists

 Luke Rivington

 José Mercado Rizal

 Andrea della Robbia

 Luca di Simone della Robbia

 St. Robert

 Robert of Arbrissel

 Robert of Courçon

 Robert of Geneva

 Robert of Jumièges

 Robert of Luzarches

 Robert of Melun

 St. Robert of Molesme

 St. Robert of Newminster

 Robert Pullus

 Ven. John Roberts

 James Burton Robertson

 Ven. Christopher Robinson

 William Callyhan Robinson

 Juan Tomás de Rocaberti

 Rocamadour

 Angelo Rocca

 St. Roch

 Jean-Baptiste-Donatien de Vimeur, Count de Rochambeau

 Ancient See of Rochester

 Diocese of Rochester

 Rochet

 Désiré Raoul Rochette

 Daniel Rock

 Diocese of Rockford

 Diocese of Rockhampton

 Rococo Style

 Diocese of Rodez

 Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira

 Alonso Rodriguez

 Joao Rodriguez

 Bartholomew Roe

 Diocese of Roermond

 Rogation Days

 Roger

 Roger Bacon

 Ven. Roger Cadwallador

 Roger of Hoveden

 Roger of Wendover

 Peter Roh

 Rohault de Fleury

 Réné François Rohrbacher

 Francisco de Rojas y Zorrilla

 John Gage Rokewode

 Rolduc

 Hermann Rolfus

 Richard Rolle de Hampole

 Charles Rollin

 Rolls Series

 Thomas Rolph

 Roman Catechism

 Roman Catholic

 Roman Catholic Relief Bill

 Roman Colleges

 Roman Congregations

 Roman Curia

 St. Romanos

 Constitutio Romanos Pontifices

 The Roman Rite

 Epistle to the Romans

 Sts. Romanus

 Pope Romanus

 Rome

 Juan Romero

 St. Romuald

 Romulus Augustulus

 St. Ronan

 Pierre de Ronsard

 Rood

 Johann Philipp Roothaan

 William Roper

 Rorate Coeli

 Salvatore Rosa

 St. Rosalia

 The Rosary

 Alberico de Rosate

 Roscelin

 Roscommon

 Rosea

 Diocese of Roseau

 William Starke Rosecrans

 St. Roseline

 Diocese of Rosenau

 St. Rose of Lima

 St. Rose of Viterbo

 Rosicrucians

 August Roskoványi

 Rosmini and Rosminianism

 Rosminians

 Diocese of Ross

 School of Ross

 Archdiocese of Rossano

 Cosimo Rosselli

 Bernardo de Rossi

 Pellegrino Rossi

 Gioacchino Antonio Rossini

 Sebastian von Rostock

 University of Rostock

 Sacra Romana Rota

 Heinrich Roth

 David Rothe

 Diocese of Rottenburg

 Rotuli

 Archdiocese of Rouen

 Synods of Rouen

 Adrien Rouquette

 Jean-Baptiste Rousseau

 Benedetto da Rovezzano

 Stephen Rowsham

 The Royal Declaration

 Pierre-Paul Royer-Collard

 St. Ruadhan

 Ruben

 Peter Paul Rubens

 Rubrics

 William Rubruck

 Rudolf of Fulda

 Rudolf of Habsburg

 Rudolf of Rüdesheim

 Rudolf von Ems

 Family of Rueckers

 Paolo Ruffini

 Rufford Abbey

 Sts. Rufina

 Sts. Rufinus

 Rufinus Tyrannius

 Sts. Rufus

 Thierry Ruinart

 Juan de Ruiz de Alarcón y Mendoza

 Antonio Ruiz de Montoya

 Diego Ruiz de Montoya

 Rumania

 Karl Friedrich Rumohr

 St. Rupert

 Rusaddir

 Rusicade

 Ruspe

 Charles Russell

 Charles William Russell

 Richard Russell

 Russia

 St. Rusticus of Narbonne

 Book of Ruth

 Ruthenian Rite

 Ruthenians

 Henry Rutter

 Diocese of Ruvo and Bitonto

 Bl. John Ruysbroeck

 John Ruysch

 Abram J. Ryan

 Patrick John Ryan

 Henry Ignatius Dudley Ryder

 Theodore James Ryken

Reuss


Name of the two smallest states of the German Confederation, which lie almost in the centre of Germany, east of Thuringia, on the western boundaries of the Kingdom of Saxony. Their united area is 440 sq. miles. Reuss alterer Linie, or Reuss-Greitz, comprises 122 sq. miles and in 1905 its population was 70,603, of whom 68,549 were Lutherans, 1205 Catholics, and 54 Jews. Reuss jüngerer Linie, or Reuss-Schleiz, contains 318 sq. miles, and had 144,584 inhabitants in 1905, of whom 140,640 were Lutherans, 2806 Catholics, and 290 Jews. The present Principality of Reuss and the neighbouring tracts of land were inhabited in early medieval times by Slavonian races who were civilized and converted to Christianity by the German Emperor Otto I (936-73). In church matters the region was under the Diocese of Zeitz (founded in 968), which became a suffragan of Magdeburg. On account of the frequent inroads of the Slavs, the residence of the Bishop of Zeitz was removed to Naumburg in 1028, after which the see was called Naumburg-Zeitz. Upon its subjection to German authority, the whole province was allotted to the Margraviate of Zeitz. As early as the year 1000, however, Emperor Otto III permitted the entire part lying on the eastern boundary of Thuringia to be administered by imperial vogts, or bailiffs (advocati imperii), whence this territory received the name of Vogtland (Terra advocatorum), a designation that has remained to this day a geographical summary for Reuss, especially that part on the Saxon borders. The position of vogt soon became hereditary. The princes of Reuss are descended from the vogts of Weida. Erkenbert I (1122) is proved by documentary evidence to have been their ancestor. His successors acquired almost the whole Vogtland by feuds or marriage settlement, although in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries they lost the greater part of their possessions, most of which fell to Saxe-Meissen (the present Kingdom of Saxony). In 1244 the vogt Henry IV entered a German monastery. His sons divided his possessions, their seats being respectively at Weide (extinct in 1535), Gera (extinct in 1550), and Plauen. The Plauen branch was sub divided into an elder line that died out in 1572, and a young line. Henry, the founder of the Plauen line (d. about 1300), on account of a visit to Russia received the surname of "der Reusse" (Ruthenus), whence the name passed to the country; on account of the close relations of that country with the neighbouring Saxon states, Lutheranism speedily gained a foothold in Reuss.

The rulers joined the Smalkaldic League against the German emperor, and forfeited their possessions, but afterwards recovered them. Henry XXII is notable among the more modern princes of this house for his enmity to Prussia, which he opposed in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, when the Prussian troops occupied his domain. Henry joined the North German Confederation and the new German empire (1871). He alone of all the confederate princes remained until his death (1902) an implacable enemy of Prince Bismarck and of the conditions created in Germany by the foundation of the empire. His son, Henry XXIV (both in 1878), being incapable of ruling, the regency passed to the princes of the younger line of Reuss. After the death of Henry XXIV, the last scion of the younger line, the Principalities of Reuss-Greiz and Reuss-Schleitz will be united. Since the end of the twelfth century all the male members of the princely house have borne the name of Henry in honour of the Emperor Henry VI of Germany (1190-7), to whom they were under great obligations. The Reformation entirely destroyed Catholicism in Reuss. The few Catholic settlers were for a long time deprived of regular religious ministrations. A Brief obtained from the papal nuncio in Vienna, 15 March, 1822, by the efforts of the Catholic Princess Gasparina of Rohan-Rochefort, wife of Henry XIX, placed the Catholics in the domains of the elder line under the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Prague; and through a papal Brief of 18 March, 1874, they passed under that of the Vicar apostolic of Saxony. The parish of Greiz has existed since 1897 and the statutes of the Catholic congregation there, dated 12 April, 1897, received government sanction of 7 June of the same year, together with the grant of a legal status under the civil law. Priests from the neighbouring countries (Bavaria and Saxony) are not prevented from exercising their spiritual functions.

Excluding Greiz and Frauenreuth, permission of the authorities to hold religious services is required in the towns and villages of the principality. The Catholics of Reuss-Schleiz were placed under the jurisdiction of the bishops of Paderborn by a Decree of the papal "Congregatio de propaganda fide" of 27 June, 1869, which, however, was not officially recognized, and, when in 1883 the Catholics of the city of Gera desired a mission with permanent priests, the Government made its consent dependent upon the transfer of jurisdiction to the Vicar Apostolic of Saxony. This was effected by a Decree of Propaganda dated 7 October, 1889. By a princely rescript of 14 June, 1894, the status of the Catholic population of Gera was recognized from 1 June. They then received the rights and privileges of citizens under the civil law. The rector of Gera is not debarred from exercising his sacerdotal functions in places belonging to his parish, nor are priests from the neighbouring countries (Saxony and Saxe Weimar). The successful progress of Catholicism is retarded in both principalities by lack of means, since neither the state nor the people contribute anything to the Catholic Church and a church tax is not permitted. The Evangelical-Lutheran Church is supported by state and communal contributions, Catholics being assessed equally with Protestants for this purpose. The Government does not interfere with its subjects in regard to the change of their religion, establishment of orders, mixed marriages, and the education of the children of such marriages in either principality. For the most part the principles obtaining in the Kingdom of Saxony prevail in Reuss. Nominally, enjoyment of the privileges of citizenship is independent of creed, but in Reuss-Greiz religious exercises can take place only by express permission. In both principalities no previous permission is required for processions on religious festivals, provided they are carried out in the customary manner. Catholic processions are not allowed. The public free schools are Evangelical-Lutheran and maintained by political or school districts. Catholics are obliged to contribute proportionally as much as Protestants, although religious instruction in their Faith is never given. A private Catholic free school (about 200 children) has existed in Gera since 1903, to which neither State nor city contributes. In Greiz the Catholics have succeeded in obtaining a school of their own since 1908, with about 130 children who are of compulsory school age. The grant of an appropriation for a high school is still pending (1911).

SCHMIDT, Vogtlandische Forschungen (Dresden, 1904); LIMMER, Entwurf einer Gesch. des Vogtlandes (4 vols., Gera, 1825-8); IEDM, Kurze Uebersicht der Gesch. des Hauses Reuss (Ronneburg, 1829); BRUCKNER, Landeskunde des Furstentums Reuss j. L. (2 vols., Gera, 1870); BURKHARDT, Einfuhrung der Reformation in Reuss (1894), Protestant; FREISEN, Staat u. kathol. Kirche in den deutschen Bundestaaten, II (Stuttgart, 1906).

Herman Sacher.