BOOK IV

Being and First Principles

CONTENTS

Book IV

Lesson 1.  The Proper Subject Matter of This Science: Being as Being, and Substance and Accidents

Lesson 2.  This Science Considers Being and Unity. The Parts of Philosophy Based on the Divisions of Being and Unity

Lesson 3.  The Same Science Considers Unity and Plurality and All Opposites. The Method of Treating These

Lesson 4.  First Philosophy Considers All Contraries. Its Distinction from Logic

Lesson 5.  Answers to Questions Raised in Book III about Principles of Demonstration

Lesson 6.  First Philosophy Must Examine the First Principle of Demonstration. The Nature of This Principle. The Errors about It

Lesson 7.  Contradictories Cannot Be True at the Same Time

Lesson 8.  Other Arguments against the Foregoing Position

Lesson 9.  Three Further Arguments against Those Who Deny the First Principle

Lesson 10.  The Procedure against Those Who Say that Contradictories Are True at the Same Time

Lesson 11.  The Reason Why Some Considered Appearances to Be True

Lesson 12.  Two Reasons Why Some Identify Truth with Appearances

Lesson 13.  Change in Sensible Things Not Opposed to Their Truth

Lesson 14.  Seven Arguments against the View that Truth Consists in Appearances

Lesson 15.  Refutation of the View that Contradictories Can Be Shown to Be True at the Same Time. Contraries Cannot Belong to the Same Subject at the Same Time

Lesson 16.  No Intermediates between Contradictories. How Heraclitus and Anaxagoras Influenced This Position

Lesson 17.  Rejection of the Opinion that Everything Is True and False, and that Everything Is at Rest and in Motion