Chapter II.— By what Means the Emperor Constantine became a Christian.
Chapter III.— While Constantine favors the Christians, Licinius, his Colleague, persecutes them.
Chapter IV.— War arises between Constantine and Licinius on Account of the Christians.
Chapter V.— The Dispute of Arius with Alexander, his Bishop.
Chapter VIII.— Of the Synod which was held at Nicæa in Bithynia, and the Creed there put forth.
Chapter X.— The Emperor also summons to the Synod Acesius, Bishop of the Novatians.
Chapter XI.— Of the Bishop Paphnutius.
Chapter XII.— Of Spyridon, Bishop of the Cypriots.
Chapter XIII.— Of Eutychian the Monk.
Chapter XX.— In what Manner the Iberians were converted to Christianity.
Chapter XXI.— Of Anthony the Monk.
Chapter XXII.— Manes, the Founder of the Manichæan Heresy, and on his Origin.
Chapter XXV.— Of the Presbyter who exerted himself for the Recall of Arius.
Chapter XXIX.— Of Arsenius, and his Hand which was said to have been cut off.
Chapter XXX.— Athanasius is found Innocent of what he was accused his Accusers take to Flight.
Chapter XXXII.— On the Departure of Athanasius, those who composed the Synod vote his Deposition.
Chapter XXXVI.— Of Marcellus Bishop of Ancyra, and Asterius the Sophist.
Chapter XXXVIII.— The Death of Arius.
Chapter XXXIX.— The Emperor falls sick and dies.
Chapter XL.— The Funeral of the Emperor Constantine.
Chapter IV.— On the Death of Eusebius Pamphilus, Acacius succeeds to the Bishopric of Cæsarea.
Chapter V.— The Death of Constantine the Younger.
Chapter IX.— Of Eusebius of Emisa.
Chapter XI.— On the Arrival of Gregory at Alexandria, tended by a Military Escort, Athanasius flees.
Chapter XIV.— The Arians remove Gregory from the See of Alexandria, and appoint George in his Place.
Chapter XVII.— Athanasius, intimidated by the Emperor’s Threats, returns to Rome again.
Chapter XIX.— Of the Creed sent by the Eastern Bishops to those in Italy, called the Lengthy Creed.
Chapter XX.— Of the Council at Sardica.
Chapter XXI.— Defense of Eusebius Pamphilus.
Chapter XXV.— Of the Usurpers Magnentius and Vetranio.
Chapter XXIX.— Of the Heresiarch Photinus.
Chapter XXX.— Creeds published at Sirmium in Presence of the Emperor Constantius.
Chapter XXXI.— Of Hosius, Bishop of Cordova.
Chapter XXXII.— Overthrow of the Usurper Magnentius.
Chapter XXXIII.— Of the Jews inhabiting Dio-Cæsarea in Palestine.
Chapter XXXIV.— Of Gallus Cæsar.
Chapter XXXV.— Of Aëtius the Syrian, Teacher of Eunomius.
Chapter XXXVI.— Of the Synod at Milan.
Chapter XXXVII.— Of the Synod at Ariminum, and the Creed there published.
Chapter XXXVIII.— Cruelty of Macedonius, and Tumults raised by him.
Chapter XXXIX.— Of the Synod at Seleucia, in Isauria.
Chapter XL.— Acacius, Bishop of Cæsarea, dictates a new Form of Creed in the Synod at Seleucia.
Chapter XLII.— On the Deposition of Macedonius, Eudoxius obtains the Bishopric of Constantinople.
Chapter XLIII.— Of Eustathius Bishop of Sebastia.
Chapter XLIV.— Of Meletius Bishop of Antioch.
Chapter XLV.— The Heresy of Macedonius.
Chapter XLVI.— Of the Apollinarians, and their Heresy .
Chapter XLVII.— Successes of Julian Death of the Emperor Constantius.
Chapter II.— Of the Sedition excited at Alexandria, and how George was slain.
Chapter III.— The Emperor Indignant at the Murder of George, rebukes the Alexandrians by Letter.
Chapter V.— Of Lucifer and Eusebius.
Chapter VI.— Lucifer goes to Antioch and consecrates Paulinus.
Chapter VIII.— Quotations from Athanasius’ ‘Defense of his Flight.’
Chapter X.— Of Hilary Bishop of Poictiers.
Chapter XI.— The Emperor Julian extracts Money from the Christians.
Chapter XIII.— Of the Outrages committed by the Pagans against the Christians.
Chapter XIV.— Flight of Athanasius.
Chapter XV.— Martyrs at Merum in Phrygia, under Julian.
Chapter XIX.— Wrath of the Emperor, and Firmness of Theodore the Confessor.
Chapter XXI.— The Emperor’s Invasion of Persia, and Death.
Chapter XXII.— Jovian is proclaimed Emperor.
Chapter XXIII.— Refutation of what Libanius the Sophist said concerning Julian.
Chapter XXIV.— The Bishops flock around Jovian, each attempting to draw him to his own Creed.
Chapter XXVI.— Death of the Emperor Jovian.
Chapter IX.— Valens persecutes the Novatians, because they accepted the Orthodox Faith.
Chapter X.— Birth of Valentinian the Younger.
Chapter XI.— Hail of Extraordinary Size and Earthquakes in Bithynia and the Hellespont.
Chapter XV.— The Emperor banishes Evagrius and Eustathius. The Arians persecute the Orthodox.
Chapter XVI.— Certain Presbyters burnt in a Ship by Order of Valens. Famine in Phrygia.
Chapter XVIII.— Events at Edessa: Constancy of the Devout Citizens, and Courage of a Pious Woman.
Chapter XX.— Death of Athanasius, and Elevation of Peter to His See.
Chapter XXIII.— The Deeds of Some Holy Persons who devoted themselves to a Solitary Life .
Chapter XXV.— Of Didymus the Blind Man.
Chapter XXVI.— Of Basil of Cæsarea, and Gregory of Nazianzus.
Chapter XXVII.— Of Gregory Thaumaturgus (the Wonder-Worker).
Chapter XXXI.— Death of Valentinian.
Chapter XXXIII.— The Goths, under the Reign of Valens, embrace Christianity.
Chapter XXXV.— Abatement of Persecution against the Christians because of the War with the Goths.
Chapter III.— The Principal Bishops who flourished at that Time.
Chapter V.— Events at Antioch in Connection with Paulinus and Meletius.
Chapter XIII.— The Arians excite a Tumult at Constantinople.
Chapter XIV.— Overthrow and Death of the Usurper Maximus.
Chapter XV.— Of Flavian Bishop of Antioch.
Chapter XVII.— Of the Hieroglyphics found in the Temple of Serapis.
Chapter XVIII.— Reformation of Abuses at Rome by the Emperor Theodosius.
Chapter XIX.— Of the Office of Penitentiary Presbyters and its Abolition.
Chapter XX.— Divisions among the Arians and Other Heretics.
Chapter XXI.— Peculiar Schism among the Novatians.
Chapter XXIII.— Further Dissensions among the Arians at Constantinople. The Psathyrians.
Chapter XXIV.— The Eunomians divide into Several Factions.
Chapter XXVI.— Illness and Death of Theodosius the Elder.
Chapter II.— Death of Nectarius and Ordination of John.
Chapter III.— Birth and Education of John Bishop of Constantinople.
Chapter IV.— Of Serapion the Deacon on whose Account John becomes Odious to his Clergy.
Chapter X.— Epiphanius Bishop of Cyprus convenes a Synod to condemn the Books of Origen.
Chapter XI.— Of Severian and Antiochus: their Disagreement from John.
Chapter XIII.— The Author’s Defence of Origen.
Chapter XVI.— Sedition on Account of John Chrysostom’s Banishment. He is recalled.
Chapter XVIII.— Of Eudoxia’s Silver Statue. On account of it John is exiled a Second Time.
Chapter XX.— Death of Arsacius, and Ordination of Atticus.
Chapter XXI.— John dies in Exile.
Chapter XXII.— Of Sisinnius Bishop of the Novatians. His Readiness at Repartee.
Chapter XXIII.— Death of the Emperor Arcadius.
Chapter II.— Character and Conduct of Atticus Bishop of Constantinople.
Chapter III.— Of Theodosius and Agapetus Bishops of Synada.
Chapter IV.— A Paralytic Jew healed by Atticus in Baptism.
Chapter V.— The Presbyter Sabbatius, formerly a Jew, separates from the Novatians.
Chapter VI.— The Leaders of Arianism at this Time.
Chapter VII.— Cyril succeeds Theophilus Bishop of Alexandria.
Chapter VIII.— Propagation of Christianity among the Persians by Maruthas Bishop of Mesopotamia.
Chapter IX.— The Bishops of Antioch and Rome.
Chapter X.— Rome taken and sacked by Alaric.
Chapter XI.— The Bishops of Rome.
Chapter XII.— Of Chrysanthus Bishop of the Novatians at Constantinople.
Chapter XIV.— The Monks of Nitria come down and raise a Sedition against the Prefect of Alexandria.
Chapter XV.— Of Hypatia the Female Philosopher.
Chapter XVI.— The Jews commit Another Outrage upon the Christians and are punished.
Chapter XIX.— Of Palladius the Courier.
Chapter XX.— A Second Overthrow of the Persians by the Romans.
Chapter XXI.— Kind Treatment of the Persian Captives by Acacius Bishop of Amida.
Chapter XXII.— Virtues of the Emperor Theodosius the Younger.
Chapter XXVI.— Sisinnius is chosen to succeed Atticus.
Chapter XXVII.— Voluminous Productions of Philip, a Presbyter of Side.
Chapter XXVIII.— Proclus ordained Bishop of Cyzicus by Sisinnius, but rejected by the People.
Chapter XXX.— The Burgundians embrace Christianity under Theodosius the Younger.
Chapter XXXI.— Nestorius harasses the Macedonians.
Chapter XXXII.— Of the Presbyter Anastasius, by whom the Faith of Nestorius was perverted.
Chapter XXXIII.— Desecration of the Altar of the Great Church by Runaway Slaves.
Chapter XXXIV.— Synod at Ephesus against Nestorius. His Deposition.
Chapter XXXVI.— The Author’s Opinion of the Validity of Translations from One See to Another.
Chapter XXXVII.— Miracle performed by Silvanus Bishop of Troas formerly of Philippopolis.
Chapter XXXVIII.— Many of the Jews in Crete embrace the Christian Faith.
Chapter XXXIX.— Preservation of the Church of the Novatians from Fire.
Chapter XL.— Proclus succeeds Maximian Bishop of Constantinople.
Chapter XLI.— Excellent Qualities of Proclus.
Chapter XLII.— Panegyric of the Emperor Theodosius Younger.
Chapter XLIII.— Calamities of the Barbarians who had been the Usurper John’s Allies.
Chapter XLIV.— Marriage of the Emperor Valentinian with Eudoxia the Daughter of Theodosius.
Chapter XLVI.— Death of Paul Bishop of the Novatians, and Election of Marcian as his Successor.
Chapter XLVII.— The Empress Eudocia goes to Jerusalem sent there by the Emperor Theodosius.
Chapter XLVIII.— Thalassius is ordained Bishop of Cæsarea in Cappadocia.
Chapter XXV.— Christian Benevolence of Atticus Bishop of Constantinople. He registers John’s Name in the Diptychs. His Fore-knowledge of his Own Death.
Meanwhile Atticus the bishop caused the affairs of the church to flourish in an extraordinary manner; administering all things
with prudence, and inciting the people to virtue by his instruction. Perceiving that the church was on the point of being
divided inasmuch as the Johannites
68
The adherents of Chrysostom. See VI. 3.
assembled themselves apart, he ordered that mention of John should be made in the prayers, as was customary to be done of
the other deceased
69
He effected this restoration by having the name John enrolled in the diptychs or
registers of those whose names should be included in the prayers of the liturgy.
bishops; by which means he trusted that many would be induced to return to the Church. And he was so liberal that he not only
provided for the poor of his own parishes, but transmitted contributions to supply the wants and promote the comfort of the
indigent in the neighboring cities also. On one occasion as he sent to Calliopius a presbyter of the church at Nicæa, three
hundred pieces
70
χρυσίνους , with στατῆρας probably to be supplied; if so the value of these gold
pieces was about $5.00, or £1 s. 9d.
of gold he also dispatched the following letter.
‘Atticus to Calliopius—salutations in the Lord.
‘I have been informed that there are in your city ten thousand necessitous persons whose condition demands the compassion of the pious. And I say ten thousand, designating their multitude rather than using the number precisely. As therefore I have received a sum of money from him, who with a bountiful hand is wont to supply faithful stewards; and since it happens that some are pressed by want, that those who have may be proved, who yet do not minister to the needy—take, my friend, these three hundred pieces of gold, and dispose of them as you may think fit. It will be your care, I doubt not, to distribute to such as are ashamed to beg, and not to those who through life have sought to feed themselves at others’ expense. In bestowing these alms make no distinction on religious grounds; but feed the hungry whether they agree with us in sentiment, or not.’
Thus did Atticus consider even the poor who were at a distance from him. He labored also to abolish the superstitions of certain
persons. For on being informed that those who had separated themselves from the Novatians, on account of the Jewish Passover,
had transported the body of Sabbatius
71
See above, chaps. 5 and 12.
from the island of Rhodes—for in that island he had died in exile—and having buried it, were accustomed to pray at his grave,
he caused the body to be disinterred at night, and deposited in a private sepulchre; and those who had formerly paid their
adorations at that place, on finding his tomb had been opened, ceased honoring that tomb thenceforth. Moreover he manifested
a great deal of taste in the application of names to places. To a port in the mouth of the Euxine sea, anciently called Pharmaceus,
72
φαρμακέα = ‘poisoner.’
he gave the appellation of Therapeia;
73
θεραπείας : the word occurs in three senses, viz. (1) healing, (2) service, (3)
worship. Probably, and as the sentence following seems to indicate, the last of these
was the one meant to be emphasized; this is also borne out by the plural number used.
If the first sense were the one for which the word was chosen, it must have been because
of its being in complete contrast to the previous name. The place retains the name
thus given it to this day and constitutes one of the suburbs of Constantinople.
because he would not have a place where religious assemblies were held, dishonored by an inauspicious name. Another place,
a suburb of Constantinople, he termed Argyropolis,
74
Silver City.
for this reason. Chrysopolis
75
Golden City.
is an ancient port situated at the head of the Bosphorus, and is mentioned by several of the early writers, especially Strabo,
Nicolaus Damascenus, and the illustrious Xenophon in the sixth book of his
Anabasis of Cyrus ;
76
Cf. Xenophon, Anab. VI. 6. 38.
and again in the first of his
Hellenica
77
Cf. Xenophon, Hellenica, I. 1, 22. The event mentioned took place in 411 b.c.
he says concerning it, ‘that Alcibiades having walled it round, established a toll in it; for all who sailed out of Pontus
were accustomed to pay tithes there.’ Atticus seeing the former place to be directly opposite to Chrysopolis, and very delightfully
situated, declared that it was most fitting it should be called Argyropolis; and as soon as this was said it firmly established
the name. Some persons having said to him that the Novatians ought not to be permitted to hold their assemblies within the
cities: ‘Do you not know,’ he replied, ‘that they were fellow-sufferers with us in the persecution under Constantius and Valens?
78
Cf. IV. 1–6.
Besides,’ said he, ‘they are witnesses to our creed: for although they separated from the church a long while ago, they have
never introduced any innovations concerning the faith.’ Being once at Nicæa on account of the ordination of a bishop, and
seeing there Asclepiades bishop of the Novatians, then very aged, he asked him, ‘How many years have you been a bishop?’ When
he was answered fifty years: ‘You are a happy man,’ said he, ‘to have had charge of so “good a work”
79
1 Tim. iii. 1.
for such a length of time.’ To the same Asclepiades he observed: ‘I commend Novatus; but can by no means approve of the Novatians.’
And when Asclepiades, surprised at this strange remark, said, ‘What is the meaning of your remark, bishop?’ Atticus gave him
this reason for the distinction. ‘I approve of Novatus for refusing to commune with those who had sacrificed, for I myself
would have done the same: but I cannot praise the Novatians, inasmuch as they exclude laymen from communion for very trivial
offenses.’ Asclepiades answered, ‘There are many other “sins unto death,”
80
1 John v. 17.
as the Scriptures term them, besides sacrificing to idols; on account of which even you excommunicate ecclesiastics only,
but we laymen also, reserving to God alone the power of pardoning them.’
81
The Catholic Church was more severe in its discipline regarding the clergy than
the laity, but it does not appear that excommunication was in any case absolute and
reinstatement impossible. See on this point the liberal views of Chrysostom, VI. 21.
Cf. also Bennett, Christ. Archæology, p. 383.
Atticus had moreover a presentiment of his own death; for at his departure from Nicæa, he said to Calliopius a presbyter of
that place: ‘Hasten to Constantinople before autumn if you wish to see me again alive; for if you delay beyond that time,
you will not find me surviving.’ Nor did he err in this prediction; for he died on the 10th of October, in the 21st year of
his episcopate, under the eleventh consulate of Theodosius, and the first of Valentinian Cæsar.
82
425 a.d.
The Emperor Theodosius indeed, being then on his way from Thessalonica, did not reach Constantinople in time for his funeral,
for Atticus had been consigned to the grave one day before the emperor’s arrival. Not long afterwards, on the 23d of the same
month, October, the young Valentinian was proclaimed Augustus.
83
This was Valentinian III. See chap. 24 above for his relationship to the reigning
Theodosius.