Chapter XX.

It is, then, universally acknowledged that we must believe the Deity to be not only almighty, but just, and good, and wise, and everything else that suggests excellence. It follows, therefore, in the present dispensation of things, that it is not the case that some particular one59    τὸ μέν τι (for τοι). There is the same variety of reading in c. i. and xxi., where Krabinger has preserved the τι: he well quotes Synesius, de Prov. ii. 2; ῾Ο μέν τις ἀποθνήσκει πληγεὶς, ὁ δὲ κ.τ.λ. (and refers to his note there). of these Divine attributes freely displays itself in creation, while there is another that is not present there; for, speaking once for all, no one of those exalted terms, when disjoined from the rest, is by itself alone a virtue, nor is the good really good unless allied with what is just, and wise, and mighty (for what is unjust, or unwise, or powerless, is not good, neither is power, when disjoined from the principle of justice and of wisdom, to be considered in the light of virtue; such species of power is brutal and tyrannous; and so, as to the rest, if what is wise be carried beyond the limits of what is just, or if what is just be not contemplated along with might and goodness, cases of that sort one would more properly call vice; for how can what comes short of perfection be reckoned among things that are good?). If, then, it is fitting that all excellences should be combined in the views we have of God, let us see whether this Dispensation as regards man fails in any of those conceptions which we should entertain of Him. The object of our inquiry in the case of God is before all things the indications of His goodness. And what testimony to His goodness could there be more palpable than this, viz. His regaining to Himself the allegiance of one who had revolted to the opposite side, instead of allowing the fixed goodness of His nature to be affected by the variableness of the human will? For, as David says, He had not come to save us had not “goodness” created in Him such a purpose60    Ps. cvi. (cv.) 4, 5; cxix. (cxviii.) 65, 66, 68. In the first passage the LXX. has τοῦ ἰδεῖν ἐν τῇ χρηστότητι τῶν ἐκλεκτῶν σου (Heb. “the felicity of Thy chosen”): evidently referring to God’sεὐδοκία in them; He, good Himself (χρηστὸς, v. 1), will save them, “in order to approve their goodness.” The second passage mentions four times this χρηστότης (bonitas).; and yet His goodness had not advanced His purpose had not wisdom given efficacy to His love for man. For, as in the case of persons who are in a sickly condition, there are probably many who wish that a man were not in such evil plight, but it is only they in whom there is some technical ability operating in behalf of the sick, who bring their good-will on their behalf to a practical issue, so it is absolutely needful that wisdom should be conjoined with goodness. In what way, then, is wisdom contemplated in combination with goodness; in the actual events, that is, which have taken place? because one cannot observe a good purpose in the abstract; a purpose cannot possibly be revealed unless it has the light of some events upon it. Well, the things accomplished, progressing as they did in orderly series and sequence, reveal the wisdom and the skill of the Divine economy. And since, as has been before remarked, wisdom, when combined with justice, then absolutely becomes a virtue, but, if it be disjoined from it, cannot in itself alone be good, it were well moreover in this discussion of the Dispensation in regard to man, to consider attentively in the light of each other these two qualities; I mean, its wisdom and its justice.

[20] Οὐκοῦν ὁμολογεῖται παρὰ πᾶσι μὴ μόνον δυνατὸν εἶναι δεῖν πιστεύειν τὸ θεῖον, ἀλλὰ καὶ δίκαιον καὶ ἀγαθὸν καὶ σοφὸν καὶ πᾶν ὅ τι πρὸς τὸ κρεῖττον τὴν διάνοιαν φέρει. ἀκόλουθον τοίνυν ἐπὶ τῆς παρούσης οἰκονομίας μὴ τὸ μέν τι βούλεσθαι τῶν τῷ θεῷ πρεπόντων ἐπιφαίνεσθαι τοῖς γεγενημένοις, τὸ δὲ μὴ παρεῖναι: καθ' ὅλου γὰρ οὐδὲν ἐφ' ἑαυτοῦ τῶν ὑψηλῶν τούτων ὀνομάτων διεζευγμένον τῶν ἄλλων ἀρετὴ κατὰ μόνας ἐστίν: οὔτε τὸ ἀγαθὸν ἀληθῶς ἐστὶν ἀγαθόν, μὴ μετὰ τοῦ δικαίου τε καὶ σοφοῦ καὶ τοῦ δυνατοῦ τεταγμένον: τὸ γὰρ ἄδικον ἢ ἄσοφον ἢ ἀδύνατον ἀγαθὸν οὐκ ἔστιν: οὔτε ἡ δύναμις τοῦ δικαίου τε καὶ σοφοῦ κεχωρισμένη ἐν ἀρετῇ θεωρεῖται: θηριῶδες γάρ ἐστι τὸ τοιοῦτον καὶ τυραννικὸν τῆς δυνάμεως εἶδος. ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ τὰ λοιπά, εἰ ἔξω τοῦ δικαίου τὸ σοφὸν φέροιτο, ἢ τὸ δίκαιον, εἰ μὴ μετὰ τοῦ δυνατοῦ τε καὶ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θεωροῖτο, κακίαν ἄν τις μᾶλλον κυρίως τὰ τοιαῦτα κατονομάσειεν: τὸ γὰρ ἐλλιπὲς τοῦ κρείττονος πῶς ἄν τις ἐν ἀγαθοῖς ἀριθμήσειεν; εἰ δὲ πάντα προσήκει συνδραμεῖν ἐν ταῖς περὶ θεοῦ δόξαις, σκοπήσωμεν εἴ τινος ἡ κατὰ ἄνθρωπον οἰκονομία λείπεται τῶν θεοπρεπῶν ὑπολήψεων. ζητοῦμεν πάντως ἐπὶ τοῦ θεοῦ τῆς ἀγαθότητος τὰ σημεῖα. καὶ τίς ἂν γένοιτο φανερωτέρα τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ μαρτυρία ἢ τὸ μεταποιηθῆναι αὐτὸν τοῦ πρὸς τὸ ἐναντίον αὐτομολήσαντος, μηδὲ συνδιατεθῆναι τῷ εὐμεταβλήτῳ τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης προαιρέσεως τὴν παγίαν ἐν τῷ ἀγαθῷ καὶ ἀμετάβλητον φύσιν; οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἦλθεν εἰς τὸ σῶσαι ἡμᾶς, καθώς φησιν ὁ Δαβίδ, μὴ ἀγαθότητος τὴν τοιαύτην πρόθεσιν ἐμποιούσης. ἀλλ' οὐδὲν ἂν ὤνησε τὸ ἀγαθὸν τῆς προθέσεως, μὴ σοφίας ἐνεργὸν τὴν φιλανθρωπίαν ποιούσης. καὶ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀρρώστως διακειμένων πολλοὶ μὲν ἴσως οἱ βουλόμενοι μὴ ἐν κακοῖς εἶναι τὸν κείμενον, μόνοι δὲ τὴν ἀγαθὴν ὑπὲρ τῶν καμνόντων προαίρεσιν εἰς πέρας ἄγουσιν, οἷς τεχνική τις δύναμις ἐνεργεῖ πρὸς τὴν τοῦ κάμνοντος ἴασιν. οὐκοῦν τὴν σοφίαν δεῖ συνεζεῦχθαι πάντως τῇ ἀγαθότητι. πῶς τοίνυν ἐν τοῖς γεγενημένοις τὸ σοφὸν τῷ ἀγαθῷ συνθεωρεῖται; ὅτι οὐ γυμνὸν τὸ κατὰ πρόθεσιν ἀγαθὸν ἔστιν ἰδεῖν. πῶς γὰρ ἂν φανείη ἡ πρόθεσις, μὴ διὰ τῶν γιγνομένων φανερουμένη; τὰ δὲ πεπραγμένα εἱρμῷ τινὶ καὶ τάξει δι' ἀκολούθου προιόντα τὸ σοφόν τε καὶ τεχνικὸν τῆς οἰκονομίας τοῦ θεοῦ διαδείκνυσιν. ἐπεὶ δέ, καθὼς ἐν τοῖς φθάσασιν εἴρηται, πάντως τῷ δικαίῳ τὸ σοφὸν συνεζευγμένον ἀρετὴ γίγνεται, εἰ δὲ χωρισθείη, μὴ ἂν ἐφ' ἑαυτοῦ κατὰ μόνας ἀγαθὸν εἶναι, καλῶς ἂν ἔχοι καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ λόγου τῆς κατὰ ἄνθρωπον οἰκονομίας τὰ δύο μετ' ἀλλήλων κατανοῆσαι, τὸ σοφόν φημι καὶ τὸ δίκαιον.